Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).Mechanisms of Genetic VariationThe original sources of genetic variation are mutations,...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Gene Flow02:39

Gene Flow

Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Substrate and target selectivity of 4'-fluoroadenosine against viral and host polymerases.

The Journal of biological chemistry·2026
Same author

Epitope-selective vaccine designs to elicit protective antibodies against the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein.

NPJ vaccines·2026
Same author

Vaccination elicits HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies in primates.

Nature·2026
Same author

Translating Innovation to Clinic: End-to-End Bioprocess Development and cGMP Manufacturing of N332-GT5 HIV Vaccine Candidate for First-in-Human Trials HVTN144.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

The SLC15A4-LAMTOR1 interaction licenses endolysosomal TLR-mediated mTOR signaling and inflammatory cytokine production.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Analysis of monoclonal antibodies against the malaria invasion complex protein RIPR reveals the structural basis for synergistic antibody protection.

Immunity·2026
Same journal

A viral ORFeome library for systems-level genetic dissection of host-pathogen interactions.

Cell·2026
Same journal

Co-option of lysosomal machinery shapes the evolution of the intracellular photosymbiosis supporting coral reefs.

Cell·2026
Same journal

LEF1 and niche factors determine T cell stemness across chronic diseases.

Cell·2026
Same journal

Recurrent patterns of TOP1-mediated neuronal genomic damage shared by major neurodegenerative disorders.

Cell·2026
Same journal

Four-dimensional molecular mapping from a spatial snapshot reveals the dynamics of hair follicle organogenesis.

Cell·2026
Same journal

Whole-cell particle-based digital twin simulations from 4D lattice light-sheet microscopy data.

Cell·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
11:12

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity

Published on: April 11, 2019

Replaying germinal center evolution on a quantified affinity landscape.

William S DeWitt1, Ashni A Vora2, Tatsuya Araki2

  • 1Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.

Cell
|June 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Germinal centers (GCs) drive antibody affinity maturation through Darwinian evolution. Our study reveals selection biases in GC reactions, showing how B cell affinity progression is distorted over time.

Keywords:
B cellaffinity maturationantibodydeep mutational scanningexperimental evolutiongerminal center

More Related Videos

Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches
09:35

Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches

Published on: April 20, 2021

Highly Resolved Intravital Striped-illumination Microscopy of Germinal Centers
10:07

Highly Resolved Intravital Striped-illumination Microscopy of Germinal Centers

Published on: April 9, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
11:12

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity

Published on: April 11, 2019

Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches
09:35

Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches

Published on: April 20, 2021

Highly Resolved Intravital Striped-illumination Microscopy of Germinal Centers
10:07

Highly Resolved Intravital Striped-illumination Microscopy of Germinal Centers

Published on: April 9, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Antibody affinity maturation in germinal centers (GCs) is crucial for adaptive immunity.
  • While cellular competition mechanisms are known, the evolutionary dynamics of GC reactions remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary dynamics of antibody affinity maturation within GC reactions.
  • To understand how selection and mutation biases shape B cell evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an experimental evolution model by replaying over one hundred monoclonal GC reactions.
  • Assigned affinities to each B cell using deep mutational scanning.
  • Inferred a fitness landscape to model affinity maturation.

Main Results:

  • GCs achieve predictable outcomes via selection on a constrained affinity landscape.
  • Somatic hypermutation biases significantly influence landscape exploration.
  • Survivorship biases distort the observed progression of B cell affinity.

Conclusions:

  • Apparent features of GC selection may be artifacts of biases.
  • Understanding these biases is critical for accurately viewing B cell affinity progression.