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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats

Published on: June 18, 2018

Rhesus macaques show metacognitive sensitivity to artificial grammars.

Rohini Murugan¹, Angelle Antoun¹, Kathleen J Bostick²

¹Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.

Current Biology : CB

|June 5, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Nonhuman primates demonstrate metacognitive sensitivity, showing awareness of their cognitive states during artificial grammar learning. This suggests a precursor to human language and cognition may exist in animals.

Keywords:

artificial grammar cognition comparative language macaque metacongition monkey

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Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

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Published on: June 18, 2018

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Published on: May 5, 2015

Area of Science:

Cognitive Science
Comparative Psychology
Neuroscience

Background:

Human cognition involves implicit and explicit systems, with metacognition (awareness of cognitive states) developing early.
Metacognition in preverbal infants and nonhuman animals suggests an evolutionary precursor to complex human cognition.
Nonhuman animals exhibit metacognitive sensitivity in perceptual tasks and can learn artificial grammar rules.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate metacognitive sensitivity in nonhuman primates using an artificial grammar learning paradigm.
To determine if rhesus macaques can demonstrate awareness of their performance on a grammar task.

Main Methods:

Rhesus macaques were trained on an artificial grammar task involving visual stimulus sequences.
Monkeys selected correct sequences and maintained responses for variable durations to earn rewards.
Metacognitive sensitivity was assessed by analyzing waiting times after correct versus incorrect responses.

Main Results:

Monkeys demonstrated metacognitive sensitivity by waiting significantly longer after correct responses compared to incorrect ones.
This indicates an awareness of their performance accuracy within the artificial grammar task.
The findings support the presence of metacognitive abilities in nonhuman primates during grammar learning.

Conclusions:

Nonhuman primates possess metacognitive sensitivity, extending beyond perceptual tasks to artificial grammar learning.
This study provides evidence for a potential evolutionary precursor to human language and explicit cognition.
The findings highlight the importance of metacognition in understanding cognitive development and evolution.