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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency01:11

Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency

The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession, and the angular frequency...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers energy to a nearby...
BIBO stability of continuous and discrete -time systems01:24

BIBO stability of continuous and discrete -time systems

System stability is a fundamental concept in signal processing, often assessed using convolution. For a system to be considered bounded-input bounded-output (BIBO) stable, any bounded input signal must produce a bounded output signal. A bounded input signal is one where the modulus does not exceed a certain constant at any point in time.
To determine the BIBO stability, the convolution integral is utilized when a bounded continuous-time input is applied to a Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) system.
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control01:21

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control

Phase-lag controllers are widely used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state errors. A dimmer switch controlling the brightness of a light bulb serves as a practical example of phase-lag control, gradually adjusting the bulb's brightness. Mathematically, phase-lag control or low-pass filtering is represented when the factor 'a' is less than 1.
Phase-lag controllers do not place a pole at zero, but instead influence the steady-state error by amplifying any finite,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh
10:42

Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh

Published on: May 3, 2019

Precision timekeeping with atomic clocks: evolution and future directions.

Anjali Bisht1,2, Poonam Arora1,2, Venu Gopal Achanta3,4,5

  • 1CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, India.

Nature Communications
|June 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate timekeeping, especially atomic clocks, is vital for modern tech like GNSS and finance. Future trends include AI/ML and lunar timekeeping for enhanced precision and resilience.

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Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

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Published on: May 3, 2019

Picometer-Precision Atomic Position Tracking through Electron Microscopy
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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Metrology
  • Computer Science

Background:

  • Accurate timekeeping is essential for critical technologies including global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), financial trading, and network synchronization.
  • Atomic clocks represent a significant advancement in timekeeping precision and reliability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical evolution of timekeeping technologies.
  • To highlight the applications and dissemination methods of atomic clocks.
  • To explore emerging timekeeping trends and future applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of timekeeping evolution, focusing on atomic clocks.
  • Description of time dissemination methods: Network Time Protocol (NTP), Precision Time Protocol (PTP), GNSS, and Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT).
  • Discussion of future trends including SI second redefinition, lunar timekeeping, and AI/ML applications.

Main Results:

  • Atomic clocks have revolutionized timekeeping accuracy.
  • Various methods ensure precise time dissemination across networks and systems.
  • Emerging fields like quantum computing present new synchronization challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Timekeeping continues to evolve, driven by technological advancements and new application demands.
  • The redefinition of the SI second and integration of AI/ML will shape future timekeeping systems.
  • Lunar timekeeping and quantum technologies represent novel frontiers in precise time measurement.