Electrically functionalized body surface for deep-tissue bioelectrical recording

Non-invasive monitoring of deep-tissue physiological processes from the body surface is technically challenging due to rapid signal attenuation and severe motion artefacts, primarily caused by high contact impedance and mechanical mismatch in conventional electrodes. Here we directly spray-coat a biocompatible two-dimensional nanosheet ink onto the human body, forming microscopically conformal van der Waals thin films that are intrinsically stretchable and mechanically adaptive to non-Euclidean, hairy and dynamically evolving body surfaces, thereby creating electrically functionalized body surfaces. Compared with commercial solutions, the resulting electrically functionalized body surface exhibits substantially lower contact impedance and markedly reduced extrinsic motion artefacts, enabling reliable bioelectrical signal acquisition from irregular body surfaces and robust monitoring of biopotential and bioimpedance modulations associated with deep-tissue physiological processes, including blood circulation, muscle movement and brain activity. This technology advances capability for continuous, non-invasive monitoring of deep-tissue activities during routine body movements.