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Related Concept Videos

Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...
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Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics

Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine by saving countless lives from bacterial infections. However, their widespread use has inadvertently harmed the delicate balance of the human gut microbiota. The gut microbiota, a complex community of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune responses, and maintaining intestinal health. Antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum types, disrupt this ecosystem by eradicating both harmful and beneficial...
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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Nature and Nurture

Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature—in other words, by our genes—and by nurture, or our environment. For example, chronic stress during childhood inhibits the production of growth hormones and consequently reduces bone growth and height. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of variation in height is due to genetic differences among individuals, and 10-30% of variation in height is due to differences in the environments that individuals experience, such as differences...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings
04:16

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Published on: February 7, 2025

How Does Targeted Human Milk Fortification Influence Body Composition and Growth in Preterm Infants? A Narrative

Tara Rebele1, Jane Ziegler1, Melanie Newkirk1

  • 1Department of Clinical and Preventive Nutrition Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.

Breastfeeding Medicine : the Official Journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
|June 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Targeted fortification (TF) of human milk (HM) for preterm infants does not consistently show benefits over standard fortification (SF) for body composition. More research is needed to clarify TF

Keywords:
body compositionhuman milk fortificationpreterm infantstargeted fortification

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Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

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Effect of Hyaluronic Acid 35 kDa on an In Vitro Model of Preterm Small Intestinal Injury and Healing Using Enteroid-Derived Monolayers
09:36

Effect of Hyaluronic Acid 35 kDa on an In Vitro Model of Preterm Small Intestinal Injury and Healing Using Enteroid-Derived Monolayers

Published on: July 28, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal nutrition
  • Pediatric gastroenterology
  • Human milk research

Background:

  • Unfortified human milk (HM) is insufficient for preterm infant growth and body composition.
  • Fortification methods for HM include standard fortification (SF) and targeted fortification (TF).
  • TF uses measured HM macronutrient content, unlike SF's assumed composition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of targeted fortification (TF) versus standard fortification (SF) on preterm infant body composition.
  • To review current literature on TF and SF in preterm infant nutrition.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative literature review of studies published since 2015.
  • Searches conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar.
  • Included 6 studies after screening 177 records.

Main Results:

  • Four studies reported differences in body composition and growth outcomes with TF.
  • Only two studies found statistically significant differences between TF and SF groups.
  • Variability in TF methods and HM analysis protocols was noted across studies.

Conclusions:

  • Current evidence does not consistently support TF over SF for improving preterm infant body composition.
  • Observed benefits of TF were linked to complex protocols, and findings are inconsistent.
  • Further research is essential to determine TF's definitive impact on body composition and growth.