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Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Protocol to Create Chronic Wounds in Diabetic Mice

Protocol to Create Chronic Wounds in Diabetic Mice

Published on: September 25, 2019

Increased Risk of Infections in People Living With Diabetes.

Julia A Critchley¹, Iain M Carey¹, Umar A R Chaudhry¹

¹Department of Population Health and Policy, School of Health and Medical Sciences, City St George's, University of London, London, U.K.

|June 6, 2026

Summary

Infections are a significant complication for individuals with diabetes (type 1, type 2, and prediabetes), with elevated risks across all forms. Glycemic control and variability significantly impact infection risk and related mortality.

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Infectious Diseases
Public Health

Background:

Infections are underrecognized complications in diabetes mellitus (type 1 diabetes [T1D], type 2 diabetes [T2D], and prediabetes).
Diabetes significantly increases susceptibility to infections, impacting primary care, hospitalizations, and mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify infection risk across different diabetes types and ethnicities.
To investigate the association of glycemic control (HbA1c) and variability with infection risk.
To assess the burden of infection-related mortality in diabetes.

Main Methods:

Utilized linked U.K. primary care, hospitalization, and mortality data (2015-2019).
Compared infection risk in >800,000 individuals with diabetes versus a matched control group.
Assessed primary care infections, hospitalizations, and infection-related mortality.

Main Results:

Consistently elevated infection risks were observed across all diabetes types compared to non-diabetic individuals.
Type 1 diabetes showed the highest relative risk, while prediabetes had the lowest.
Average HbA1c and visit-to-visit HbA1c variability were independently associated with increased infection risk, particularly for hospitalizations.

Conclusions:

Improved glycemic control and management of infection are crucial for individuals with diabetes.
HbA1c variability is a significant factor in diabetes-related infections, especially in T2D.
Infection-related mortality is substantial in T2D, potentially underreported, highlighting the need for enhanced infection surveillance and prevention strategies.