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Related Concept Videos

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors01:23

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a significant...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood glucose levels...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively manages...

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Updated: Jun 8, 2026

A Method for Mouse Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Intracellular cAMP Determination
12:33

A Method for Mouse Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Intracellular cAMP Determination

Published on: June 25, 2014

Incretins for Type 2 Diabetes.

Esther Min1, Andrew Goyette2, Elaine Young3

  • 1Close Concerns, San Francisco, California, United States; esther.min@closeconcerns.com.

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
|June 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Incretin-based therapies, including dual glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonists, effectively manage type 2 diabetes (T2D) by improving glycemic control and promoting weight loss.

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A Method for Mouse Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Intracellular cAMP Determination
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Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice
11:10

Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice

Published on: November 16, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Metabolism
  • Pharmacology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes (T2D) presents a significant and escalating global health concern, projected to increase healthcare expenditures due to associated morbidity and mortality.
  • T2D pathogenesis involves insulin resistance and impaired pancreatic insulin secretion, potentially influenced by glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the advancements and efficacy of incretin-based therapies in managing type 2 diabetes.
  • To highlight the evolution of incretin-based treatments from early formulations to dual receptor agonists.
  • To discuss the benefits, side effects, and future directions for optimizing incretin therapy in T2D.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on incretin-based therapies for type 2 diabetes.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data on efficacy, weight management, and cardiovascular risk reduction.
  • Examination of adverse event profiles and mitigation strategies.

Main Results:

  • Incretin-based therapies, including injectable and oral formulations, have shown significant glycemic-lowering benefits and weight reduction in T2D patients.
  • Dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists represent a major advancement, offering improved glycemic control and cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk populations.
  • Gastrointestinal issues are the most common adverse effects, manageable through dose titration and patient education.

Conclusions:

  • Incretin-based therapies are crucial for T2D management, offering substantial benefits in glycemic control and weight loss.
  • Dual agonists and evolving formulations enhance treatment efficacy and patient outcomes.
  • Continued research into dosing, combinations, and accessibility is vital for maximizing the long-term impact of these therapies.