Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances stress in soil ecosystems: decoding microbial dysbiosis mechanisms and advanced...

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), the so-called "forever chemicals," are emerging contaminants that severely disrupt soil ecosystems by rewiring microbial networks that sustain biogeochemical processes. This review deciphers the mechanisms underlying PFAS-induced microbial dysbiosis, revealing how these contaminants reconfigure community architecture, metabolic functions, and enzyme-mediated processes critical for biogeochemical cycling. It further integrates multi-omics approaches, spanning genomics to metabolomics, to elucidate molecular signatures and adaptive responses that govern microbial resilience and vulnerability across trophic hierarchies. Furthermore, the review examines PFAS biotransformation pathways, emphasising oxidoreductase-mediated mechanisms, kinetic bottlenecks, and catalytic constraints within complex soil matrices. By bridging microbial ecology with advanced material science, the review introduces a transformative paradigm of hybrid catalytic systems, including nanozyme-enabled transformations, engineered enzymes, and photocatalytic assemblies for targeted PFAS degradation. Thus, by linking microbial dysfunction with engineered catalytic innovation, the review offers a systems-level blueprint for sustainable and efficient strategies to restore PFAS-contaminated soils. Notably, this review highlights the urgent need for integrated multidisciplinary approaches to mitigate PFAS-induced ecological risks and advance sustainable soil restoration technologies.