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The decline in pharmacy access across Minnesota, 2009-2025.

Elise Moore¹, Lindsay Sorge¹, Emma Goldner²

¹Department of Pharmaceutical Care & Health Systems, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN.

Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : Japha

|June 6, 2026

Summary

Pharmacy access in Minnesota has declined, with a net loss of 156 pharmacies between 2009 and 2025. This has led to an increase in pharmacy deserts and residents without convenient access to essential medications and health services.

Keywords:

community pharmacy geography health policy pharmacy deserts rural health

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Area of Science:

Public Health
Health Services Research
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Background:

Community pharmacies are vital healthcare access points, yet face increasing closures nationwide.
Pharmacy closures exacerbate healthcare disparities, leaving many patients without essential services.
Understanding local pharmacy access is crucial for public health and policy.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze community pharmacy access trends in Minnesota from 2009 to 2025.
To identify and map pharmacy deserts and track changes in their prevalence.
To establish a framework for ongoing pharmacy access monitoring and inform policy decisions.

Main Methods:

Retrospective data review of pharmacy license activity in Minnesota (Oct 2009 - Aug 2025).
Geocoding of active community pharmacies using ESRI ArcGIS software at six time points.
Definition and identification of pharmacy deserts and keystone pharmacies at the census tract level.

Main Results:

A net loss of 156 (15%) community pharmacies occurred between 2009 and 2025.
Pharmacy deserts increased from 44 to 58 census tracts, affecting 189,222 residents.
129 (15%) of the remaining pharmacies were identified as keystone pharmacies.

Conclusions:

Pharmacy access in Minnesota has significantly worsened over the past 15 years.
An increasing number of residents now live in areas with limited or no pharmacy access.
Continuous monitoring and policy advocacy are essential to protect community health access.