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Related Concept Videos

Genome Annotation and Assembly03:36

Genome Annotation and Assembly

The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.
Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.
Sanger Sequencing01:57

Sanger Sequencing

DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
Genomics02:02

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
RNA-seq03:21

RNA-seq

RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
Before the discovery of RNA-seq, microarray-based methods and Sanger sequencing were used for transcriptome analysis. However, while microarray-based...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Hybrid De Novo Genome Assembly for the Generation of Complete Genomes of Urinary Bacteria using Short- and Long-read Sequencing Technologies
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Hybrid De Novo Genome Assembly for the Generation of Complete Genomes of Urinary Bacteria using Short- and Long-read Sequencing Technologies

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High quality genome assemblies of African cattle breeds using PacBio HiFi sequencing.

Isidore Houaga1,2,3,4, Meenu Bhati5, Zabron Nziku6

  • 1The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK. isidore.houaga@roslin.ed.ac.uk.

Scientific Data
|June 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers generated high-quality genome assemblies for five African cattle breeds. These advanced genomic resources improve the contiguity and completeness of African cattle genetic data.

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

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Published on: June 28, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Animal Science
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Africa possesses a rich diversity of approximately 150 cattle breeds, representing a significant portion of the global cattle population.
  • High-quality genome assemblies are scarce for African cattle, particularly for indicine breeds, hindering comprehensive genomic studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To generate high-quality, de novo genome assemblies for five key indigenous African cattle breeds.
  • To enhance the contiguity and completeness of available African cattle genomic data.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized PacBio HiFi sequencing technology for de novo genome assembly.
  • Performed quality assessment using metrics such as genome size, contiguity N50, scaffold N50, and BUSCO completeness scores.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated highly contiguous and complete genome assemblies for Lagune, Gudali, Iringa Red, Singida White, and Mpwapwa cattle breeds.
  • Achieved genome sizes between 3.25-3.36 Gb, with contiguity N50s from 83.59 Mb to 97.87 Mb and scaffold N50s from 100.30 Mb to 113.37 Mb.
  • Demonstrated high genome completeness (>99.68% BUSCO scores), indicating superior assembly quality.

Conclusions:

  • The generated genome assemblies represent the most contiguous and complete African cattle assemblies to date.
  • These improved genomic resources will be invaluable for future livestock genomic research in Africa and globally.
  • Facilitates deeper insights into African cattle genetics, adaptation, and breeding strategies.