The pseudokinase domain PK1 of UNC-89/obscurin is required for mitochondrial morphology and function in C. elegans

UNC-89 is a giant modular protein located at the sarcomeric M-line of C. elegans striated muscle and is required for sarcomere organization and function. UNC-89 contains two protein kinase domains, PK1 and PK2, separated by 850 residues, that includes a 645-residue long intrinsically disordered sequence that acts like an elastic spring. Bioinformatic analysis suggests that PK2 is an active kinase whereas PK1 is a pseudokinase. We recently reported that a genome-edited worm, unc-89(sf22), that expresses UNC-89 carrying a kinase-inactivating point mutation in PK2 has an unusual phenotype with normally organized sarcomeres and SR, normal muscle function and yet fragmented mitochondria, increased ATP levels, increased glycolysis and alterations in electron transport chain complexes and respiration. Here, we show that a genome-edited worm unc-89(sf23), that expresses UNC-89 with an in-frame deletion of the C-lobe of PK1 has approximately the same phenotype as the PK2 catalytically dead mutant. The fact that mutations in two different regions of UNC-89 result in a mitochondrial phenotype is further evidence of communication between the sarcomere and mitochondria. We further demonstrate that in vitro PK2 interacts with full length PK1 and the C-lobe of PK1. The protein kinase domains of giant sarcomeric proteins are autoinhibited by parts of their own sequence, and this is also likely for PK2, but the mechanism by which PK2 would be activated is unknown. Our data is compatible with a model in which PK1 interacts with PK2 and thereby stimulates PK2 kinase activity.