Climate-adaptive strategies and nature-based solutions for emission control supporting environmental policy and...

Climate-adaptive mining management has become an important priority in China, where mining-related emissions, acid mine drainage, and metal-contaminated water can intensify under climate variability. Selecting suitable control strategies remains difficult because environmental effectiveness, ecological co-benefits, monitoring readiness, implementation feasibility, and lifecycle costs often create competing priorities for regulators and mining practitioners. To address this challenge, this study develops a hybrid fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making framework to prioritize climate-adaptive strategies and nature-based solutions for emission control, environmental policy support, and sustainable mining decision-making. A three-level decision hierarchy was constructed with five main criteria, twenty-five sub-criteria, and eight strategy alternatives. Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to determine the relative importance of the criteria and sub-criteria, while fuzzy ViseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) was used to rank the alternatives. The fuzzy AHP results show that MRV readiness and regulatory compliance receive the highest priority, followed by pollution-control effectiveness under climate variability. The fuzzy VIKOR results show that constructed wetlands for acid mine drainage treatment as the top-ranked strategy, followed by nature-based stormwater control and biochar-amended vegetative cover systems. The findings provide practical guidance for integrating climate adaptation, nature-based pollution control, and regulatory monitoring into mining environmental governance in China.