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Related Concept Videos

Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation
09:13

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation

Published on: August 22, 2017

Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation Modulates Translation Efficiency in Human Lung Fibroblasts.

Rosette N Tamaddon, Martin Roffe, Antonella Bertucci

    Radiation Research
    |June 7, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    Low-dose ionizing radiation (≤ 0.1 Gy) alters cellular responses by selectively changing messenger RNA (mRNA) translation efficiency, not global protein synthesis. This reveals translation as a sensitive indicator of early radiation effects.

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    Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation
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    Published on: May 26, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Radiation Biology
    • Cellular Response to Radiation

    Background:

    • Cellular responses to low-dose ionizing radiation (≤ 0.1 Gy) are crucial for radiation protection policies.
    • High-dose radiation impacts gene expression and protein synthesis, but low-dose effects are less understood.
    • Transcriptome analysis may not fully capture early cellular responses to radiation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the cellular impact of low-dose ionizing radiation exposure.
    • To determine if translation or transcription is a more sensitive indicator of early low-dose radiation effects.
    • To identify specific molecular targets affected by low-dose gamma radiation.

    Main Methods:

    • Ribosome profiling was employed on normal human lung fibroblast cells.
    • Cells were exposed to low (0.1 Gy) and high (1 Gy) doses of 60Cobalt gamma (γ) rays.
    • Analysis was conducted at 1 and 6 hours postirradiation.

    Main Results:

    • Global protein synthesis remained unchanged at low doses (0.1 Gy) at 1 and 6 hours postirradiation.
    • Specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs) exhibited altered translation efficiency, indicating translational shifts.
    • The small GTP-binding protein RAB33B was identified as a translationally upregulated target.

    Conclusions:

    • Translation efficiency serves as a more sensitive readout of early low-dose gamma radiation effects compared to transcriptional changes.
    • Conventional transcriptome analyses may not fully capture the dynamic gene expression changes induced by low-dose radiation.
    • Selective mRNA translation plays a role in the distinct cellular response to low-dose irradiation.