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Related Concept Videos

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
ER Retrieval Pathway01:45

ER Retrieval Pathway

In the secretory pathway, vesicles transport proteins from one cellular compartment to another in forward transport to deliver the protein to its correct location. Occasionally, misfolded proteins and incorrect proteins escape their original compartments, and a retrieval pathway is used to return the escaped proteins to their original compartment.
The ER uses many checkpoints to prevent the entry of incorrectly folded or a resident protein as cargo onto a transport vesicle. These mechanisms...
Signal Sequences and Sorting Receptors01:41

Signal Sequences and Sorting Receptors

Signal sequences are short amino acid sequences that guide newly synthesized proteins to their proper location within the cell. Classical signal sequences are fifteen to sixty amino acids long and present at the N-terminus of a polypeptide chain. Each signal sequence has a conserved segment of basic residues towards their N terminus, a hydrophobic core, and a C-terminus rich in polar residues. The C-terminus also contains a signal cleavage site and features a -3 -1 sequence motif. The -3-1...
Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial precursors...

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Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Peptide-derived Method to Transport Genes and Proteins Across Cellular and Organellar Barriers in Plants
08:48

Peptide-derived Method to Transport Genes and Proteins Across Cellular and Organellar Barriers in Plants

Published on: December 16, 2016

Brain shuttle peptides derived from natural proteins.

Andrej Nikolić1, Toni Todorovski1

  • 1University of Rijeka, Faculty of Biotechnology and Drug Development, Rijeka, Croatia.

Advances in Pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.)
|June 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Brain shuttle peptides, derived from viruses and animals, effectively cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to deliver therapeutics. These peptides show promise for treating neurological conditions by overcoming BBB limitations.

Keywords:
Blood-brain barrierNatural proteinsPeptide shuttlesRational designViruses

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • The blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS), hindering neurological treatments.
  • Brain shuttle peptides offer a solution by facilitating drug transport across the BBB.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review prominent viral and animal-derived brain shuttle peptides.
  • To discuss their translocation mechanisms and therapeutic potential for CNS disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on rational design and bioinformatics for discovering brain shuttle peptides.
  • Analysis of viral and mammal-derived peptides for BBB crossing capabilities.

Main Results:

  • Viral and mammal-derived brain shuttle peptides demonstrate effective BBB translocation.
  • Peptides like TAT (viral) and Angiopep-2 (mammalian) have advanced to clinical trials.

Conclusions:

  • Brain shuttle peptides are crucial for developing novel therapeutics for neurological diseases.
  • Their low immunogenicity, toxicity, and stability make them promising drug delivery vectors.