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Non-Invaginated Wing Primordia in Holometabolous Insects: First Report From Mecoptera.

Shuhei Niitsu1,2,3, Ryo Ishihara4, Takehiko Kamito2

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.

Evolution & Development
|June 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Scorpionfly wing development is late-forming and external, lacking invagination and a distinct peripodial epithelium. This study details this unique insect wing primordium development mode.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Insect Morphology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Holometabolous insects exhibit two primary wing development modes: early-forming and late-forming.
  • Mecoptera (scorpionflies) are poorly understood regarding wing primordium development.
  • Late-forming primordia develop within larval epithelia, contributing to cuticle and initiating morphogenesis in the final instar.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide the first detailed histological description of wing primordium development in Mecoptera.
  • To investigate the specific mode of wing development in the scorpionfly Mavropanorpa japonica.
  • To offer comparative insights into heterochrony and evolutionary diversity in insect wing development.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a newly established rearing method for Mavropanorpa japonica.
Keywords:
HolometabolaMecopterametamorphosisnon‐invaginated wing primordia

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  • Conducted detailed histological analyses of wing development stages.
  • Examined wing primordia from larval to later developmental stages.

    • Main Results:

    • Wing primordia are absent in actively feeding larvae of M. japonica.
    • Primordia originate as epidermal thickenings beneath lateral pinacula around 20 days post-cocoon formation.
    • Wing development occurs externally, without invagination and lacking a morphologically distinct peripodial epithelium.

    Conclusions:

    • Mecoptera exhibit a late-forming, non-invaginated wing development mode.
    • The absence of a distinct peripodial epithelium is a key characteristic in Mecoptera wing development.
    • Findings contribute to understanding the evolutionary diversity of holometabolous wing development.