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Related Concept Videos

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Overview01:21

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Overview

Sample preparation is an essential step in the analytical process. It involves preparing a sample so that it can be analyzed accurately. The goal is to extract the analyte, the substance you want to measure, from the sample while removing any components that may interfere with the analysis. Sample preparation techniques vary depending on the physical state of the sample.
Bulk or large solid samples are typically reduced in size using grinding, crushing, or milling techniques to increase the...
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Elution Process01:05

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Elution Process

In High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), the elution process is critical to the separation of analytes and the quality of chromatographic results. Elution describes how compounds move through the column and separate based on their interactions with the mobile and stationary phases. This process determines the resolution, peak shape, and retention times in the chromatogram, which are essential for identifying and quantifying components in complex mixtures. Understanding the elution...
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction01:11

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction

High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), formerly referred to as High-pressure liquid chromatography, is a powerful technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in complex mixtures. The term "high pressure" refers to using high pressure to push the liquid mobile phase through the tightly packed columns.
In HPLC, two phases play a critical role in the separation process:

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A Simple Fractionated Extraction Method for the Comprehensive Analysis of Metabolites, Lipids, and Proteins from a Single Sample
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Homogeneous Liquid-Liquid Microextraction as an Efficient Sample Preparation Procedure: A Narrative Review.

Mahsa Ghoreishizadeh1, Mir Ali Farajzadeh1,2, Sanaz Barazandeh1

  • 1Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry
|June 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction offers a greener alternative for sample preparation in analytical chemistry. This review explores its principles, methods, and applications for detecting trace analytes.

Keywords:
Homogeneous liquid–liquid microextractiondeep eutectic solventgreen analytical chemistrypreconcentrationsample preparation

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Detecting trace analytes in complex matrices is crucial for environmental monitoring, food safety, and diagnostics.
  • Traditional sample preparation methods often use excessive solvents and complex procedures, conflicting with green chemistry principles.
  • Miniaturized techniques reduce solvent use and simplify workflows, enhancing sensitivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction (HLLME) techniques.
  • To discuss HLLME principles, optimization strategies, and diverse applications.
  • To explore future prospects of HLLME in analytical chemistry.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction.
  • Categorization of HLLME methods: salt-induced, sugaring-out, deep eutectic solvent-based, and switchable hydrophilicity solvent-based.
  • Analysis of factors triggering phase separation in HLLME.

Main Results:

  • HLLME enables efficient extraction of analytes from complex samples.
  • Various HLLME methods offer reduced solvent consumption and simplified procedures.
  • HLLME demonstrates versatility across different analytical applications.

Conclusions:

  • Homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction is a promising green analytical technique.
  • Further research can optimize HLLME for broader applications and improved efficiency.
  • HLLME aligns with the growing demand for sustainable analytical methodologies.