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Related Concept Videos

The Carbon Cycle01:14

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
Microbes and Climate Change01:27

Microbes and Climate Change

Microorganisms are pivotal agents in Earth's biogeochemical cycles, significantly influencing climate dynamics through their metabolic activities. These microbes modulate the levels of key greenhouse gases by both contributing to and helping mitigate climate change.Microbial Contributions to Greenhouse Gas EmissionsRising global temperatures accelerate microbial metabolism, which, in turn, speeds up the decomposition of organic matter. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) through...
What is Climate?01:16

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Bioremediation00:46

Bioremediation

Bioremediation is the use of prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. This process has been used to remove harmful toxins in groundwater as a byproduct of agricultural run-off and also to clean up oil spills.
Microbes and the Carbon Cycle01:24

Microbes and the Carbon Cycle

The carbon cycle is a fundamental Earth process involving the transfer of carbon among the biosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. It plays a critical role in regulating the planet’s climate and supporting life by cycling carbon through various chemical forms and reservoirs. Carbon primarily circulates as carbon dioxide (CO₂), representing its oxidized form, while reduced forms such as methane (CH₄) and organic compounds also play essential roles.Microbial activity is central to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Producing, Characterizing and Quantifying Biochar in the Woods Using Portable Flame Cap Kilns
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Producing, Characterizing and Quantifying Biochar in the Woods Using Portable Flame Cap Kilns

Published on: January 5, 2024

Large-Scale Carbon Removal Will Create Public Health, Economic, and Climate Trade-Offs.

Parisa Javadi1, Patrick O'Rourke2, Jay Fuhrman3

  • 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States.

Environmental Science & Technology
|June 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Achieving net-zero emissions offers climate and health benefits, but carbon dioxide removal (CDR) reliance may reduce air quality improvements. This study quantifies CDR

Keywords:
air pollutioncarbon dioxide removalclimate change mitigationdecarbonizationintegrated assessment modelingpublic health

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Split Point Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification of Thermal-Optical Organic/Elemental Carbon Measurements
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Producing, Characterizing and Quantifying Biochar in the Woods Using Portable Flame Cap Kilns
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Split Point Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification of Thermal-Optical Organic/Elemental Carbon Measurements
10:22

Split Point Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification of Thermal-Optical Organic/Elemental Carbon Measurements

Published on: September 7, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Public Health
  • Climate Policy

Background:

  • Economy-wide net-zero emissions strategies reduce fossil fuel combustion, yielding climate and air quality benefits.
  • Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) may be essential for cost-effective emissions targets, potentially compromising air quality improvements.
  • Understanding the trade-offs between CDR deployment, air quality, and public health is crucial for effective climate policy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically quantify the regional air quality and public health implications of various carbon dioxide removal (CDR) portfolios in the U.S.
  • To compare the impacts of different CDR scenarios against a baseline of no U.S. climate action.
  • To evaluate the economic trade-offs, including climate damages, costs, and public health benefits, associated with CDR reliance.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a coupled modeling approach to assess air quality and public health outcomes.
  • Evaluated six distinct CDR portfolios under different deployment levels.
  • Compared modeled outcomes to a scenario with no climate action in the U.S.

Main Results:

  • Both high- and low-CDR pathways avoided significant climate damages ($2.5-5.8 trillion USD2020).
  • High-CDR pathways incurred lower costs ($11-13 trillion USD2020) compared to low-CDR ($16-20 trillion USD2020) by 2050.
  • Public health benefits were substantial, with low-CDR pathways preventing ~12,600 additional premature deaths by mid-century.

Conclusions:

  • Heavy reliance on CDR technologies presents significant economic trade-offs concerning public health and climate goals.
  • While CDR can mitigate climate damages, it may reduce air quality benefits compared to direct fossil fuel reduction.
  • Policy decisions must balance CDR deployment with near-term emissions reductions to maximize co-benefits for public health and the environment.