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Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Fine-tuning the Size and Minimizing the Noise of Solid-state Nanopores
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Published on: October 31, 2013

Solvation-Pore Coupling Governs Fast Na Storage in Hard Carbon Anodes.

Yuan Tu1, Junshuang He1, Sheng Dai1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|June 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ether-based electrolytes enable fast sodium-ion battery (NIB) charging by facilitating sodium ion (Na+) insertion and transport in hard carbon (HC) anodes. This study reveals how electrolyte solvation structures control Na+ kinetics for improved HC anode performance.

Keywords:
Na‐ion batteriesfast Na storagehard carbonsolvation‐pore coupling

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Battery Technology

Background:

  • Hard carbon (HC) is a leading anode material for sodium-ion batteries (NIBs).
  • Fast charging of NIBs is hindered by slow sodium ion (Na+) diffusion in HC's micropores.
  • Understanding Na+ transport mechanisms is crucial for enhancing HC anode performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how Na+ solvation structures influence pore entry and transport kinetics in HC anodes.
  • To elucidate the relationship between electrolyte properties and Na+ storage mechanisms in HC.
  • To provide design principles for high-rate and long-life HC anodes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized hard carbon spheres (HCSs) with controlled micropore architectures.
  • Employed ether-based and carbonate electrolytes to study solvation effects.
  • Applied 23Na MAS solid-state NMR (ssNMR) to analyze Na+ transformation and storage states.
  • Investigated Na+ insertion, transport, and quasi-metallic Na formation.

Main Results:

  • Ether-based electrolytes promote a partial desolvation pathway, accelerating Na+ insertion and forming quasi-metallic Na clusters/layers in HC.
  • Carbonate electrolytes lead to deeper desolvation, slower Na+ diffusion, and suppressed quasi-metallic Na formation, limiting high-rate performance.
  • 23Na MAS ssNMR confirmed a phase-transition-like transformation from ionic to quasi-metallic Na at deep sodiation.
  • Identified a solvation-pore-coupled kinetic mechanism governing fast Na storage in HC.

Conclusions:

  • Na+ solvation structure is a critical factor controlling Na+ kinetics and storage mechanisms in HC anodes.
  • Optimizing electrolyte solvation and HC pore structure enables high-rate and long-life NIB anodes.
  • The findings offer a pathway for designing advanced HC anodes through coordinated regulation of pore architecture and interfacial chemistry.