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Related Concept Videos

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation I: Adult01:21

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation I: Adult

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, is a life-saving emergency procedure performed when a person's heart has stopped beating or they are no longer breathing. The foundation of CPR is Basic Life Support (BLS), which focuses on the early recognition of cardiac arrest, the immediate start of high-quality chest compressions, and the timely use of an automated external defibrillator (AED).Assessing Responsiveness and Checking the Carotid PulseWhen approaching an unresponsive person, first ensure...
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Airway management is a key skill in emergency and critical care settings, as maintaining a clear airway is essential for adequate oxygenation and ventilation.Head Tilt-Chin Lift TechniqueThe head tilt-chin lift maneuver is an essential technique primarily used in patients without suspected cervical spine injuries. To perform this maneuver, one hand is placed on the patient’s forehead, and gentle pressure is applied backward to tilt the head. The fingertips of the other hand are positioned under...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Creation of a High-Fidelity, Low-Cost, Intraosseous Line Placement Task Trainer via 3D Printing
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Rethinking CPR training: when the "man" in manikin affects performance, a randomized crossover simulation study.

Pooja A Nawathe1, Falisha F Kanji2, Efren Esteves3

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Cardiology and Computational Biomedicine, Cedars-Sinai Health Sciences University, 8700 Beverly Blvd., North Tower, Suite 4221, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.

Resuscitation Plus
|June 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performance declined when female manikins were used first in training. Early inclusion of female manikins in CPR education can help reduce sex-based disparities in resuscitation outcomes.

Keywords:
Cardiac arrestCardiopulmonary resuscitationImplicit biasResuscitation trainingSex disparitiesSimulation-based education

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Cardiovascular Research

Background:

  • Women experience lower survival rates from cardiac arrest and receive less bystander or in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) compared to men.
  • Current CPR training predominantly uses manikins that represent white, lean, male bodies, potentially impacting training effectiveness for diverse populations.
  • This study aimed to investigate the influence of manikin sex on CPR performance in simulated cardiac arrest scenarios.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of manikin sex on the performance of internal medicine residents during simulated cardiac arrest scenarios.
  • To determine if the order of encountering male versus female manikins affects CPR quality and time-sensitive interventions.
  • To identify potential sex-based disparities in CPR skills acquisition and performance related to manikin representation.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized crossover simulation trial involving 52 internal medicine residents.
  • Participants completed two ventricular fibrillation arrest scenarios, alternating between male-bodied and female-bodied manikins.
  • Key outcomes measured included time to defibrillation, compressions, pad placement, recognition of ventricular fibrillation, and CPR quality metrics (depth, rate, compression fraction).

Main Results:

  • Residents performing CPR on the female manikin first showed significantly delayed times to defibrillation, compressions, pad placement, and recognition of ventricular fibrillation compared to those encountering the male manikin first.
  • The proportion of time spent within the target compression depth was significantly lower when the female manikin was encountered first.
  • An asymmetric improvement pattern was observed, suggesting that presentation order alone does not fully account for performance differences.

Conclusions:

  • CPR performance was inferior when the female manikin was encountered first during training.
  • The findings suggest that the current reliance on male-bodied manikins may contribute to sex-based disparities in resuscitation performance.
  • Integrating female manikins early and routinely in CPR education may enhance cognitive readiness and mitigate performance gaps, ultimately improving outcomes for all patients.