Autism stigma, knowledge, attitude, and quality of life predictors among autistic children's caregivers

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition and a common challenge in early childhood, affecting approximately one in every hundred children globally. This study assessed the knowledge, stigma, attitudes, and quality of life (QoL) of caregivers of autistic children in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

A cross-sectional descriptive design was conducted from January to March 2024 at Bagedo Dr. Erfan Hospital and Jeddah Autism Center for Day Care, involving 210 caregivers selected through simple random sampling. Data collection tools included assessments of caregivers' sociodemographic and child characteristics, stigma, attitudes, and QoL.

Over half of the caregivers had poor knowledge, and two-thirds exhibited negative attitudes toward autism, with a moderate level of overall stigma among caregivers. Additionally, more than three-quarters reported inadequate QoL. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a statistically significant model (F = 7.233, p < 0.001), explaining 24.7% of the variance in QoL. Caregiver stigma was the strongest negative predictor (β = -0.401, p < 0.001), while higher caregiver knowledge significantly improved QoL (β = 0.253, p < 0.001). Having a female child was associated with lower QoL, whereas higher birth order predicted better QoL.

Caregivers of autistic children demonstrated poor QoL, significantly associated with stigma, knowledge, and selected child characteristics. Reducing stigma and enhancing caregiver knowledge are critical to improving QoL.

Public awareness initiatives are essential to reduce stigma and improve the well-being of caregivers of autistic children.