Enzyme-Integrated Hydrogels for Advanced Biological Applications

Natural enzymes, with their precise structural organization and compartmentalization in metabolic pathways, exhibit remarkable catalytic efficiency, inspiring the design of enzyme-integrated hydrogels for advanced biocatalysis. In this review, we first systematically discuss commonly employed physical strategiesincluding self-assembly, electrostatic adsorption, and direct encapsulationfor constructing enzyme-integrated hydrogel systems. Subsequently, we elaborate on enzyme-mediated self-confined polymerization and cross-linking strategies, encompassing natural enzymes, enzyme cascades, nanozymes, and physical-biochemical coupling catalysis. When considering advanced biological applications, we highlight the diverse applications of enzyme-integrated hydrogels across various fields, including imaging, tumor therapy, tissue engineering, and other biomedical diagnostics and therapeutics. Lastly, we present critical perspectives on current research challenges and future opportunities for enzyme-integrated hydrogels, aiming to advance their development and expand their biomedical and clinical applications.