Polymeric Nanomaterials for Atherosclerosis Diagnosis and Treatment

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a complex cardiovascular disease characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries. The development of effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies is crucial for the management of AS. Polymeric nanomaterials, due to their unique properties such as biocompatibility, versatility, and ease of functionalization, have emerged as promising materials for the diagnosis and treatment of AS. This review summarizes the pathogenesis, mechanisms, and microenvironment features changes in AS, as well as the polymeric nanomaterial treatment strategies targeting these changes. It also provides a detailed overview of the applications of polymeric nanomaterials in various imaging techniques and therapy strategies for AS. In addition, this review discusses the biosafety evaluation systems for polymeric nanomaterials, encompassing in vivo distribution and metabolism assessment, biological evaluation, immunological evaluation, and toxicological evaluation. It aims to compile the current state of research and applications of polymeric nanomaterials in AS diagnosis and treatment, highlighting their potential for translation into clinical practice.