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Related Concept Videos

Thermal Stress01:09

Thermal Stress

If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

Mechanism of heat transfer

Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant heat.
Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving01:27

Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving

San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
To solve the problem, first, identify the known and unknown quantities. The initial length (L) of the bridge is 1275 m, the coefficient of linear expansion (α) for steel is 12 x 10-6/°C, and the change in temperature (ΔT) is 55 °C.
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.

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The Frequency Domain Thermoreflectance Technique for Thermal Property Measurements
09:10

The Frequency Domain Thermoreflectance Technique for Thermal Property Measurements

Published on: December 5, 2025

Rock-paper-scissors interactions enable thermal localization.

Jiaxin Li1, Cheng-Wei Qiu1

  • 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.

National Science Review
|June 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rock-paper-scissors interactions allow for precise thermal localization, a key advancement for thermal metamaterials. This finding enhances control over heat flow in engineered materials.

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Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Metamaterials Science

Background:

  • Thermal metamaterials offer unique control over heat flow.
  • Achieving precise thermal localization is crucial for advanced thermal management applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of rock-paper-scissors interactions for thermal localization.
  • To demonstrate a novel mechanism for enhancing thermal metamaterial performance.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of coupled thermal elements.
  • Numerical simulations of heat transfer dynamics.
  • Analysis of interaction patterns analogous to rock-paper-scissors.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that specific interaction configurations enable effective thermal localization.
  • Showcased the ability to confine thermal energy within desired regions.
  • Identified design principles for thermal metamaterials based on these interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Rock-paper-scissors interactions provide a viable pathway for advanced thermal localization.
  • This mechanism can significantly improve the functionality of thermal metamaterials.
  • Opens new avenues for designing materials with tailored thermal properties.