Psychological Distress and Self-Rated Health Among Single Fathers and Mothers During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated health burdens, particularly for vulnerable populations. Single parents face unique preexisting challenges, and their health during the pandemic remains insufficiently investigated. We aimed to compare psychological distress and self-rated health (SRH) between single and partnered parents during the pandemic, considering the influence of socioeconomic factors.

We analyzed the data of 16,028 parents aged 18-50 years with children aged 14 years or younger from the Japan COVID-19 and Society Internet Survey (JACSIS) 2020-2022. Psychological distress (Kessler K6 scale, ≥ 5) and SRH (very poor or poor) were compared between single (200 single fathers/1330 single mothers) and partnered parents using chi-squared tests and multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for confounders. Furthermore, household structure, annual household income, occupation, and working hours were stratified for the analysis.

Across 2020-2022, psychological distress and poor SRH were significantly more prevalent among single parents than among partnered parents. Single parents also reported lower income and higher nonregular employment. These disparities persisted across the stratifications. Multivariable logistic regression confirmed higher adjusted odds ratios for psychological distress (single fathers: 1.50-2.18; single mothers: 1.23-1.66) and poor SRH (single fathers: 0.74-2.93; single mothers: 1.26-1.79) associated with single-parent status.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, single parents in Japan experienced greater psychological distress and poorer SRH than partnered ones, highlighting their heightened vulnerability. Therefore, targeted support, particularly addressing economic hardship, is crucial to mitigate these health disparities and improve the resilience of single-parent households during public health emergencies.