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Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...

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Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity

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DMN function changes on resting state fMRI in perimenopausal women.

Ningning Liu¹, Yue Zhang², Weiqing Fu³

¹Department of Ultrasound, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.

Open Medicine (Warsaw, Poland)

|June 8, 2026

Summary

Perimenopausal women show altered default mode network (DMN) connectivity, potentially a compensatory response to declining estrogen levels. These brain changes may help maintain cognitive and emotional stability during menopause.

Keywords:

default mode network (DMN)estrogen magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)perimenopausal period

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Standardized Data Acquisition for Neuromelanin-Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Substantia Nigra

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Published on: September 8, 2021

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Endocrinology
Women's Health

Background:

The perimenopausal transition is characterized by significant hormonal fluctuations, particularly declining estrogen levels.
These hormonal changes may impact brain function and connectivity, potentially affecting cognitive and emotional well-being.
The default mode network (DMN) is crucial for self-referential thought and is known to be sensitive to hormonal variations.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate functional changes in the default mode network (DMN) using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) in perimenopausal women.
To explore the association between DMN functional connectivity alterations and estrogen levels during perimenopause.
To compare DMN activity between premenopausal and perimenopausal women.

Main Methods:

rsfMRI data were acquired from 16 perimenopausal and 15 premenopausal women.
Independent Component Analysis (ICA) was used to evaluate differences in DMN functional connectivity.
Amplitudes of Low Frequency Fluctuations (ALFF) and correlations with estradiol (E2) levels were analyzed.

Main Results:

Perimenopausal women exhibited significantly enhanced DMN connectivity in the bilateral middle frontal gyri (MFG), left insula, and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC).
No significant differences in DMN connectivity were found in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC).
While no correlation was found in perimenopausal women, premenopausal women showed a positive correlation between E2 and left insula connectivity.

Conclusions:

Estrogen reduction and fluctuation are linked to functional reorganization within DMN-associated regions in perimenopausal women.
Enhanced connectivity in specific DMN regions may represent a compensatory mechanism to maintain cognitive and emotional stability.
These findings suggest estrogen dynamics are key drivers of brain function adaptations during the perimenopausal transition.