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Re-Evaluating Springtime as Southern Arizona's Dust Season.

Ellis S Robinson^1,2, Labiba J Noushin¹, Carolina Martinez Guajardo¹

¹Chemical & Environmental Engineering University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA.

|June 8, 2026

Summary

Arizona's dust season is not spring in urban areas. Summer shows the highest particulate matter (PM) concentrations, driven by human activities, unlike remote sites where spring dust is dominant.

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Atmospheric Science
Public Health

Background:

Existing literature identifies spring as Arizona's primary dust season, based on remote monitoring data.
This traditional view may not accurately reflect dust seasonality in urban areas where human activities significantly impact particulate matter (PM) levels.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the actual dust seasonality in Arizona's urban environments.
To compare dust seasonality observed in urban areas with data from remote monitoring sites.
To identify the influence of anthropogenic factors on urban dust concentrations.

Main Methods:

Analysis of regulatory hourly PM10 and PM coarse concentrations.
Examination of IMPROVE (Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments) Fine Soil and PM coarse data.
Utilizing sub-hourly PM coarse data from the SUNSET (Sonoran Unified Network of Sensors for Environmental Tracking) urban sensor network.

Main Results:

Summer exhibits the highest concentrations of regulatory PM10 and PM coarse, with significant exceedances of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).
Springtime dust peaks are observed in remote IMPROVE data (Fine Soil), but not in urban regulatory or sensor data.
Urban areas show distinct seasonal patterns, higher concentrations, and evidence of anthropogenic influence (e.g., diurnal cycles, weekday-weekend differences, COVID-era anomaly).

Conclusions:

Springtime dust is climatologically significant at remote sites but does not represent exposure-relevant dust seasonality in Arizona's urban areas.
Anthropogenic activities play a crucial role in shaping urban dust seasonality and concentrations.
Summer is the primary dust season for human exposure in Arizona's urban environments.