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Related Concept Videos

Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...

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Structural Transition in Few-Layer Group-IV Monochalcogenides Induced by Mechanical Forces.

Redhwan Moqbel1, Krishna Ranganayakulu Vankayala1, Rajesh Kumar Ulaganathan2

  • 1Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan.

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|June 8, 2026
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Few-layer tin selenide (SnSe) exhibits multiferroic behavior, combining ferroelectric and ferroelastic properties. Researchers experimentally confirmed ferroelastic switching in SnSe using second-harmonic generation (SHG) analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Solid State Chemistry

Background:

  • Group IV monochalcogenides are theoretically predicted to possess multiferroic properties, including ferroelectricity and ferroelasticity, at room temperature.
  • Experimental investigation into the ferroelasticity of these materials remains limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To theoretically report and experimentally investigate the ferroelastic properties of few-layer tin selenide (SnSe).
  • To demonstrate the multiferroic behavior in SnSe by combining ferroelectric and ferroelastic characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical first-principles calculations to analyze strain-dependent second-harmonic generation (SHG) response.
  • Experimental polarization-resolved SHG measurements on few-layer SnSe flakes to determine in-plane polarization.
  • Observation and confirmation of force-induced structural transitions using SHG analysis.

Main Results:

  • Ferroelastic properties were theoretically predicted and experimentally observed in few-layer SnSe.
  • In-plane polarization of SnSe was identified along the armchair direction via SHG measurements.
  • A force-induced structural transition, indicative of ferroelastic or partial ferroelastic switching, was confirmed in SnSe flakes.

Conclusions:

  • Few-layer SnSe exhibits multiferroic behavior, integrating ferroelectric and ferroelastic properties.
  • Experimental evidence supports ferroelastic switching in SnSe, driven by applied force.
  • The findings open avenues for exploring novel electronic and multiferroic applications of SnSe.