Versatility of TiO₂ Nanoparticles Surfaces in ACN, DMSO, and Aqueous Natural Secretions: Colloidal Behavior

The versatile physical properties of core-shell TiO₂ nanoparticles, compared to bulk titania polymorphs, create a synthesis challenge for highly dispersed particles. This strategy leads to true colloids whose behavior in fluids differs from that of the two-phase systems. The large specific surface area produces a high excess surface energy of the system and the effects it generates. The behavior of nanotitania in aqueous systems must be considered in the application strategy, as the production scale is significant and raises concerns about toxicity and pollution. Researchers are currently focusing on the methods of production, surface modifications, and the impact of morphology on toxicity in biological systems. Colloidal stability defines the applications of nanoparticles in aqueous and nonaqueous systems, including biological fluids as a special case. pH-dependent surface charge accounts for colloidal instability in distilled water (pH = 5.8). These conditions served as the starting point for this work. Medical applications are what prompted the implementation of DMSO as a dispersant. Acetonitrile completed the protocol. The steric hindrance technique involving biological secretion components was applied in an aqueous system. Successful dispersion was achieved after the addition of lysozyme, and it was quite good in the presence of bile salts. The resulting dispersions were subjected to coagulation with electrolytes to examine the effects of in vivo and in vitro cocompounds. Empirical data provide a rationale for strategies of surface coating to facilitate colloidal stability, biocompatibility, and ecological concern for further conjugation with other molecules, such as targeting molecules, drugs, polymers, etc.