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Related Concept Videos

Bioplastics01:27

Bioplastics

Bioplastics derived from microbial processes present a sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum-based plastics. Among these, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), particularly polyhydroxybutyrates (PHBs), have emerged as prominent candidates due to their biodegradability and biocompatibility. These polymers are synthesized by a variety of bacteria, such as Cupriavidus necator and Pseudomonas putida, which naturally accumulate PHAs as intracellular carbon and energy reserves, especially under...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
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As the self-condensation of ketones is generally not favored in basic conditions, the self-condensed products do not form in the reaction between ketones and benzaldehyde. The general reaction of Claisen–Schmidt condensation is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines
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Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

Published on: January 3, 2018

Bio-Based Self-Curing Phthalonitrile Resins Derived from Cinnamaldehyde.

Loren C Brown1, Giuliana R Judge2, Cole R Davis3

  • 1Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States.

Polymer Science & Technology (Washington, D.C.)
|June 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New bio-based bifunctional phthalonitrile (PN) resins offer excellent thermal stability and self-curing properties. These cinnamic-imine PN (CIPN) resins are promising for high-temperature thermoset composite applications.

Keywords:
Phthalonitrilecinnamaldehydeimineresinself-curingthermoset

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Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

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Published on: November 30, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Organic Synthesis

Background:

  • Phthalonitrile (PN) resins are high-performance thermosets known for thermal stability.
  • Developing bio-based alternatives is crucial for sustainable materials.
  • Bifunctional resins offer enhanced cross-linking and properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel bio-based bifunctional phthalonitrile (PN) resins.
  • To evaluate the self-curing behavior and thermal properties of these resins.
  • To explore their potential for high-temperature thermoset composite applications.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of cinnamic-imine PN (CIPN) resins using eco-friendly solvents (methanol, acetone) at ambient temperatures.
  • Comprehensive characterization using NMR, DSC, TGA, IR, mechanical analysis, XRD, and rheometry.
  • Evaluation of self-curing behavior and thermal stability up to 380 °C.

Main Results:

  • CIPN resins synthesized with good yield and characterized by various spectroscopic and thermal methods.
  • Resins exhibited self-curing properties due to vinylic, imine, and PN moieties.
  • Achieved excellent thermal stability with decomposition temperatures (Td5%) above 510 °C and high char yield (up to 80%).
  • Observed moderate brittleness with storage modulus ranging from 86-1295 MPa.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized bifunctional CIPN resins demonstrate a promising combination of self-curing ability and high thermal stability.
  • These bio-based resins are suitable candidates for advanced high-temperature thermoset applications, particularly in composites.
  • Further research can optimize properties for specific composite requirements.