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Related Concept Videos

Polymers02:34

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the properties that they exhibit. Additionally,...
Hydrolysis01:15

Hydrolysis

Overview
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which the addition of water breaks down a polymer into its simpler monomer units. For example, peptides break into amino acids, carbohydrates into simple sugars, and DNA into nucleotides. Enzymes often facilitate these processes.
Hydrolysis Reverses Dehydration Synthesis
Complex carbohydrates can be broken down by breaking the bonds between individual sugar units. The reaction breaks a glycosidic bond as water is added to the compound. The...
Solvents01:12

Solvents

A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...

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Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by &#960;-&#960; Stacking Interactions
10:53

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

Published on: October 10, 2016

Water in Triple-Bond-Based Polymerizations: Roles as a Solvent or Monomer.

Die Huang1, Anjun Qin1, Ben Zhong Tang2,3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.

Polymer Science & Technology (Washington, D.C.)
|June 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review highlights the growing use of water in polymer synthesis for creating functional polymers. It covers advancements in alkyne and isocyanide polymerizations using water as a solvent or co-monomer.

Keywords:
alkyneclick polymerizationisocyanidemulticomponent polymerizationwater

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Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers

Published on: December 16, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Water is increasingly recognized as a safe, abundant, and sustainable medium for polymer synthesis.
  • Its use as a solvent or co-monomer in polymerizations offers environmental and economic benefits.
  • Functional polymers can be constructed using triple-bond building blocks in aqueous media.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review recent progress in polymerizations conducted in aqueous media.
  • To focus on alkyne-based and isocyanide-based polymerizations involving water.
  • To consolidate information on catalysts, conditions, modifications, and polymer properties.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of alkyne-based polymerizations in aqueous media, including the "on-water" effect.
  • Review of water-involved alkyne-based polymerizations.
  • Review of water-involved isocyanide-based polymerizations.

Main Results:

  • Summarizes diverse catalyst systems and reaction conditions employed in aqueous polymerizations.
  • Details post-modification strategies for tailoring polymer properties.
  • Compiles information on the properties and applications of polymers synthesized in water.

Conclusions:

  • Significant progress has been made in utilizing water for alkyne and isocyanide polymerizations.
  • Identifies current challenges and future opportunities in developing sustainable polymer synthesis methods.
  • Highlights the potential of water-based polymerizations for creating advanced functional materials.