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Related Concept Videos

Production of Organic Acids01:25

Production of Organic Acids

Lactic acid, an important organic acid extensively applied in food, pharmaceutical, and biodegradable polymer industries, is primarily produced via microbial fermentation. This method is favored over chemical synthesis due to its environmental sustainability and capacity for enantiomerically pure product formation. Among various microbial processes, the fermentation of starch-based substrates stands out due to the abundance and renewability of raw materials like corn and potatoes.Hydrolysis of...
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Bioplastics01:27

Bioplastics

Bioplastics derived from microbial processes present a sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum-based plastics. Among these, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), particularly polyhydroxybutyrates (PHBs), have emerged as prominent candidates due to their biodegradability and biocompatibility. These polymers are synthesized by a variety of bacteria, such as Cupriavidus necator and Pseudomonas putida, which naturally accumulate PHAs as intracellular carbon and energy reserves, especially under...
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Penicillin, one of the earliest and most widely used antibiotics, is produced industrially by the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. Large stirred-tank bioreactors ranging from tens to hundreds of thousands of liters maintain tightly controlled temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen conditions to support fungal metabolism and maximize antibiotic yield. Penicillin is a secondary metabolite, synthesized primarily during the stationary growth phase, which requires a carefully managed...
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

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Efficient Construction of Drug-like Bispirocyclic Scaffolds Via Organocatalytic Cycloadditions of &#945;-Imino &#947;-Lactones and Alkylidene Pyrazolones
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Biomass-Based Lactams Synthesis: Feedstock-Oriented Catalytic Routes via Heterogeneous Catalysis.

Aopan Yang1, Xuebin Lu1,2, Bingqi Cui1

  • 1School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|June 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This review systematically maps biomass-derived lactam synthesis, focusing on γ-, δ-, and ε-lactams. It correlates renewable feedstocks with heterogeneous catalytic routes for sustainable production.

Keywords:
biomass conversionheterogeneous catalysislactamsnitrogen‐containing chemicals

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Biomass Valorization

Background:

  • Lactams are vital nitrogen-containing chemicals used in polymers, solvents, and pharmaceuticals.
  • Current petroleum-based production faces environmental and resource limitations.
  • Sustainable alternatives from renewable biomass are urgently needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review biomass-derived lactam synthesis, particularly γ-, δ-, and ε-lactams.
  • To correlate renewable feedstocks with synthetic routes using heterogeneous catalysis.
  • To provide a framework for biomass valorization and guide sustainable lactam production.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of biomass-based lactam synthesis.
  • Focus on γ-, δ-, and ε-lactam production pathways.
  • Analysis of heterogeneous catalytic strategies for biomass conversion.

Main Results:

  • Comprehensive overview of diverse renewable feedstocks for lactam synthesis.
  • Mapping of established and emerging synthetic routes.
  • Identification of key catalytic approaches for efficient lactam production.

Conclusions:

  • Existing reviews are fragmented; this work offers a coherent framework.
  • Highlights the potential of biomass valorization for sustainable lactam synthesis.
  • Provides guidance for advancing efficient and selective lactam production from renewable resources.