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Related Concept Videos

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.  
Step 3: Assess the patient's forehead...
Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla

Procedural Guide for Assessing Axillary Body Temperature using a Digital Thermometer:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and put on clean gloves to maintain infection control and prevent cross-contamination.
Step 2: Prepare the patient by explaining the procedure to ensure understanding and cooperation. Ensure privacy, expose the axilla, and inform the patient that minimal movement is crucial for an accurate reading.
Step 3: Adjust the patient’s clothing to expose only the axilla. It minimizes...
Assessing Body Temperature - Tympanic membrane01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Tympanic membrane

Assessing tympanic membrane temperature involves using a tympanic membrane thermometer (TMT). Here is a step-by-step guide:
Step 1: Begin by practicing good hand hygiene to prevent the transmission of microorganisms.
Step 2: Turn on the thermometer and wait until the ready sign appears on the screen to ensure accurate measurement.
Step 3: Slide the probe cover in place to prevent cross-contamination.
Step 4: Instruct the patient to tilt their head to the side for comfort and check for cerumen...
Assessing Body Temperature - Oral01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Oral

Here are the steps to accurately measure oral temperature using an electronic thermometer:
Step 1:
Start by practicing proper hand hygiene to prevent the spread of microorganisms.
Step 2:
Take the thermometer out of the charging unit, switch it on, and wait for the ready sign.
Step 3:
Gently slide the probe cover until a click is heard. This simple action prevents cross-contamination and ensures the correct placement of the probe cover.
Step 4:
Instruct the patient to open their mouth and place...
Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
08:22

Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise

Published on: October 7, 2015

Core Temperature Estimation Using Wearable Earbud-Type Thermometer and Machine Learning During Light-Intensity

Naoto Fujii1,2, Akira Katagiri1, Kouichi Nakagome3

  • 1Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.

Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
|June 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new machine learning-powered earbud sensor accurately estimates core body temperature during exercise across various conditions. This wearable technology shows promise for health and performance monitoring, though algorithm refinement is ongoing.

Keywords:
heat strokehyperthermiawearable sensor

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
08:22

Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise

Published on: October 7, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Sports Science and Physiology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Wearable Technology

Background:

  • Continuous core body temperature monitoring is vital for optimizing exercise performance, health, and safety.
  • Existing methods for core temperature measurement can be invasive or impractical for continuous monitoring during physical activity.
  • Wearable sensors offer a potential non-invasive solution for real-time physiological data collection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the validity of a novel machine learning-based earbud-type core temperature sensor during exercise.
  • To assess the sensor's accuracy across different ambient temperatures (10°C, 20°C, 30°C) and with simulated wind exposure.
  • To compare the performance of the earbud sensor against esophageal temperature measurements as a reference standard.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed a 25-minute cycling exercise protocol at controlled workloads (90W males, 60W females) in varying ambient temperatures.
  • An artificial wind of approximately 3.0 m/s was applied during the final 10 minutes of exercise.
  • Core temperature was estimated using a machine learning algorithm analyzing data from thermistors and an infrared sensor within an earbud device; esophageal temperature served as the ground truth.

Main Results:

  • The machine learning-based earbud sensor demonstrated a low bias (-0.003°C) and a limit of agreement (-0.52°C to 0.51°C) compared to esophageal temperature.
  • The root mean squared error was 0.26°C, with a Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) of 0.81, indicating good agreement.
  • 76.9% of measurements fell within a 0.3°C margin of error, with similar accuracy observed under wind conditions; infrared sensor integration did not significantly improve results.

Conclusions:

  • A machine learning-based wearable earbud thermometer can validly estimate core body temperature in exercising individuals across a range of indoor ambient temperatures (10°C-30°C) and wind conditions.
  • The technology shows potential for non-invasive, continuous core temperature monitoring during exercise.
  • Further algorithm development is recommended to enhance estimation accuracy for practical applications.