Targeting Sensory Neuropathies Through Neurotrophin-Based Approaches

Neurotrophins, including NGF, BDNF, and NT-3, are crucial regulators of neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and regeneration in sensory systems. Emerging evidence suggests that neurotrophin signaling may represent a common biological axis underlying both sensory neuron vulnerability and repair across auditory, visual, and olfactory systems. This review examines the roles of neurotrophins in maintaining neuronal integrity, promoting synaptic repair, and facilitating functional recovery in sensory pathways. We delved into the molecular mechanisms by which neurotrophins influence neuronal survival and plasticity, with a particular focus on cochlear synaptopathy, optic neuropathy, and olfactory dysfunction. Additionally, we compared neurotrophin-based therapies to emerging approaches, such as gene therapy, small molecules, and cell-based treatments, emphasizing their potential to complement and enhance existing strategies. Despite their therapeutic promise, several challenges persist in translating neurotrophin therapies to clinical practice, including issues related to delivery efficiency and pharmacokinetics. Overall, neurotrophin-based interventions, especially when integrated with complementary regenerative approaches, may offer an effective strategy for restoring sensory function and modifying disease progression, paving the way for future clinical applications.