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Bode Plots Construction01:24

Bode Plots Construction

The Bode plot is an essential tool in control system analysis, mapping the frequency response of a system through a magnitude plot and a phase plot, both against a logarithmic frequency axis. To construct a Bode plot, consider the transfer function H(ω):

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Clinical Application of Phase Angle and BIVA Z-Score Analyses in Patients Admitted to an Emergency Department with Acute Heart Failure
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Postmortem bioelectrical impedance analysis: Exploratory Assessment of phase angle behavior across different

Matteo Antonio Sacco1, Maria Cristina Verrina1, Ennio Avolio2

  • 1Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy.

International Journal of Legal Medicine
|June 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) shows potential for estimating postmortem interval (PMI). Phase angle, a BIA parameter, moderately correlates with PMI but has high variability, limiting its reliability for forensic use.

Keywords:
Bioelectrical impedance analysisPhase anglePostmortem intervalTime since death

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Cutoff Value of Phase Angle by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis at Admission as a Prognostic Factor in Patients with Acute Heart Failure

Published on: June 10, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Thanatochronology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Estimating postmortem interval (PMI) is challenging, especially after the early postmortem phase.
  • Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) is a clinical tool for tissue electrical properties, with limited forensic application.
  • This study explores BIA's feasibility and correlation with PMI in human cadavers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Evaluate the feasibility of postmortem Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA).
  • Investigate relationships between postmortem interval (PMI), body mass index (BMI), and bioelectrical parameters.
  • Assess the impact of autopsy on BIA measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted single-frequency BIA on 29 human cadavers (PMI 1.60–192.87 hours).
  • Measured resistance, reactance, impedance, and phase angle.
  • Repeated BIA measurements post-autopsy in 10 cases to evaluate procedural impact.

Main Results:

  • Phase angle showed a moderate positive correlation with PMI (r=+0.46).
  • Reactance had a weak positive correlation with PMI (r=+0.25); resistance and impedance showed no meaningful association.
  • Body Mass Index (BMI) did not correlate significantly with PMI.
  • Phase angle increased post-autopsy, indicating procedural effects.

Conclusions:

  • Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) is technically feasible postmortem.
  • Phase angle exhibits time-related changes but with substantial inter-individual variability.
  • Autopsy procedures significantly influence BIA measurements.
  • Phase angle offers limited supplementary temporal information and is not yet a reliable PMI estimation tool.