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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of endometrial...
In Vitro Fertilization01:24

In Vitro Fertilization

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a form of assisted reproductive technology where an egg is fertilized with sperm in a controlled laboratory environment before transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus. This process is designed to help individuals and couples experiencing difficulties conceiving.
The IVF process begins with ovarian stimulation, during which reproductive endocrinologists prescribe hormonal medications to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs instead of the single...
Spermatogenesis01:41

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male reproductive...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Monitoring Blood Glucose in Mouse Offspring After Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
06:11

Monitoring Blood Glucose in Mouse Offspring After Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

Published on: May 17, 2024

Subfecundity, Infertility Treatment, and Child Neurodevelopment.

Linda G Kahn1, Alison E Hipwell2, Joseph B Stanford3

  • 1New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York.

JAMA Network Open
|June 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Subfecundity, not infertility treatment, is linked to higher risks of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and behavioral problems in children. Non-IVF treatments showed an association with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

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Collection of Human Follicular Fluid, Follicle Somatic Cells, and Immature Oocytes from Individuals Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization

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Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Monitoring Blood Glucose in Mouse Offspring After Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
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Collection of Human Follicular Fluid, Follicle Somatic Cells, and Immature Oocytes from Individuals Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization
06:40

Collection of Human Follicular Fluid, Follicle Somatic Cells, and Immature Oocytes from Individuals Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization

Published on: October 24, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Child Neurodevelopment
  • Infertility Research

Background:

  • An increasing number of children are conceived via infertility treatments.
  • Concerns exist regarding potential neurodevelopmental effects on children conceived through these methods.
  • Understanding the independent roles of subfecundity and infertility treatments is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the association between infertility treatment and child neurodevelopment.
  • To determine if underlying subfecundity contributes to any observed associations.
  • To differentiate the neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with in vitro fertilization (IVF) versus non-IVF treatments.

Main Methods:

  • A large US cohort study analyzed mother-child dyads from the NIH ECHO Cohort (infants conceived 1998-2022).
  • Subfecundity and infertility treatments (IVF, non-IVF) were defined based on prior diagnoses, treatments, or conception history.
  • Neurodevelopmental outcomes, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), were assessed using validated questionnaires and physician diagnoses.

Main Results:

  • Subfecundity was associated with higher scores for externalizing behavioral problems and autism-like symptoms (SRS scores), and increased odds of ASD diagnosis, independent of infertility treatment.
  • Non-IVF infertility treatment was associated with higher odds of ADHD diagnosis compared to natural conceptions, both with and without subfecundity.
  • No significant associations were found between in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment and the studied neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Subfecundity itself is a significant factor associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, including behavioral problems and ASD, irrespective of infertility treatment.
  • Non-IVF infertility treatments may be linked to an increased risk of ADHD in offspring.
  • Further research is warranted to explore specific indications for non-IVF treatments and their potential impact on child neurodevelopment.