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Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal chance to...

Dihybrid Crosses

Dihybrid Crosses

Morphogenesis

Morphogenesis

Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.

Frequency-dependent Selection

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.Positive Frequency-Dependent SelectionIn positive...

Incomplete Dominance

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.

Monohybrid Crosses

Monohybrid Crosses

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Non-radioactive in situ Hybridization Protocol Applicable for Norway Spruce and a Range of Plant Species

Non-radioactive in situ Hybridization Protocol Applicable for Norway Spruce and a Range of Plant Species

Published on: April 17, 2009

Morphological and phenological matching shape functional heteranthery.

M Oku¹, T Y Ida¹

¹Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan.

Plant Biology (Stuttgart, Germany)

|June 8, 2026

Summary

This study reveals heteranthery involves both phenological and morphological matching for effective pollen transport. Timing of pollen release and flower structure shape pollinator interactions and reproductive success.

Keywords:

Anther polymorphism diurnal patterns division of labour morphological matching heteranthery phenological matching pollinator pollinator filtering

More Related Videos

Visualization of Leaf and Bracteal Nectaries of Cotton using Digital Microscopy to Improve Scoring Accuracy and Data Preservation

Visualization of Leaf and Bracteal Nectaries of Cotton using Digital Microscopy to Improve Scoring Accuracy and Data Preservation

Published on: February 6, 2026

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Non-radioactive in situ Hybridization Protocol Applicable for Norway Spruce and a Range of Plant Species

Non-radioactive in situ Hybridization Protocol Applicable for Norway Spruce and a Range of Plant Species

Published on: April 17, 2009

Visualization of Leaf and Bracteal Nectaries of Cotton using Digital Microscopy to Improve Scoring Accuracy and Data Preservation

Visualization of Leaf and Bracteal Nectaries of Cotton using Digital Microscopy to Improve Scoring Accuracy and Data Preservation

Published on: February 6, 2026

Area of Science:

Plant reproductive biology
Pollination ecology
Evolutionary botany

Background:

Heteranthery describes flowers with distinct stamen types.
Previous research focused on morphology and division of labor, neglecting phenology's role in pollen transport.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the roles of morphological and phenological matching in heteranthery.
To test how these factors influence pollen transfer efficiency and pollinator encounter frequency.

Main Methods:

Assessed male fertility of pollen from dimorphic stamens in Lagerstroemia indica.
Compared floral morphology-bee body size matching for pollen transport efficiency with carpenter bees and honeybees.
Examined diurnal patterns of anther dehiscence and bee activity for phenological matching.

Main Results:

Flowers showed functional differentiation: feeding pollen had lower male fertility.
Carpenter bees, with matching body size, efficiently transferred pollinating pollen dorsally.
Honeybees accumulated feeding pollen ventrally, with limited pollination success.
Pollinating anther dehiscence synchronized with carpenter bee activity.

Conclusions:

Heteranthery is a multidimensional strategy involving both phenology and morphology.
Phenology influences pollinator encounters, while morphology determines pollen transport consequences.
This study reframes understanding of heteranthery in plant-pollinator interactions.