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Multi-Step Reactions

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Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs. Each of the steps in a reaction mechanism is called an elementary reaction. These...

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Consecutive Reactions

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Optimization of the Ugi Reaction Using Parallel Synthesis and Automated Liquid Handling

Optimization of the Ugi Reaction Using Parallel Synthesis and Automated Liquid Handling

Published on: November 11, 2008

Quantifying Convergency in Multistep Syntheses.

Alexander Düfert^1,2

¹BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany.

The Journal of Organic Chemistry

|June 8, 2026

Summary

A new metric quantifies synthetic efficiency by measuring convergency. This approach, combined with ideality, assesses overall synthesis performance for linear and convergent routes, aiding optimization.

Area of Science:

Organic Chemistry
Synthetic Chemistry

Background:

Convergency is a key indicator of efficient chemical synthesis.
A quantitative metric for convergency has been lacking.
Assessing overall synthetic efficiency requires holistic approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a simple, quantitative metric for synthetic convergency.
To combine this metric with existing approaches for a comprehensive efficiency score.
To identify factors influencing synthetic convergency and efficiency for optimization.

Main Methods:

Derivation of a novel, user-friendly metric for convergency.
Application of the metric to diverse chemical syntheses.
Integration with Baran's ideality approach for holistic efficiency assessment.

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Optimization of the Ugi Reaction Using Parallel Synthesis and Automated Liquid Handling

Optimization of the Ugi Reaction Using Parallel Synthesis and Automated Liquid Handling

Published on: November 11, 2008

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization

Published on: February 27, 2020

Main Results:

A new metric for convergency was successfully derived and applied.
The metric, combined with ideality, provides an overall efficiency estimation.
Analysis revealed key factors influencing convergency and synthetic efficiency.

Conclusions:

The developed metric offers a practical tool for evaluating synthetic efficiency.
The combined approach allows for holistic assessment of both linear and convergent syntheses.
Insights gained can guide optimization strategies in synthetic planning.