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Related Concept Videos

Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...
Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation of Human In Vitro Neural Cultures in Multi-Well Microelectrode Arrays
04:00

Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation of Human In Vitro Neural Cultures in Multi-Well Microelectrode Arrays

Published on: May 3, 2024

Pulse Repetition Frequency Tuned Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation for Tibial Nerve Targeted Bladder

Young-Soo Lim, Hyunhee Kim, Chulhong Kim

    IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering
    |June 8, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is a key parameter for tuning low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) peripheral nerve stimulation. This study found 100 Hz PRF most effectively inhibited micturition, establishing PRF as a tunable control for neuromodulation.

    More Related Videos

    Pipeline for Planning and Execution of Transcranial Ultrasound Neuromodulation Experiments in Humans
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    Pipeline for Planning and Execution of Transcranial Ultrasound Neuromodulation Experiments in Humans

    Published on: June 28, 2024

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

    Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation of Human In Vitro Neural Cultures in Multi-Well Microelectrode Arrays
    04:00

    Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation of Human In Vitro Neural Cultures in Multi-Well Microelectrode Arrays

    Published on: May 3, 2024

    Pipeline for Planning and Execution of Transcranial Ultrasound Neuromodulation Experiments in Humans
    07:52

    Pipeline for Planning and Execution of Transcranial Ultrasound Neuromodulation Experiments in Humans

    Published on: June 28, 2024

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Urology

    Background:

    • Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) offers potential for non-invasive peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS).
    • Optimizing temporal parameters like pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is crucial for maximizing LIFU efficacy.
    • Overactive bladder (OAB) represents a significant clinical challenge requiring effective neuromodulation strategies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the systematic tunability of LIFU-mediated peripheral nerve stimulation by varying the pulse repetition frequency (PRF).
    • To determine the optimal PRF for neuromodulating the tibial nerve to inhibit micturition.
    • To assess the robustness of PRF-dependent neuromodulation across different physiological and behavioral conditions.

    Main Methods:

    • Low-intensity focused ultrasound tibial nerve stimulation (LIFU-TNS) was applied at various PRFs (10 Hz, 100 Hz, 1 kHz).
    • Micturition inhibition was assessed by monitoring intra-bladder pressure (IBP) and micturition intervals.
    • The stimulation paradigm was validated using a sciatic nerve block, an acetic acid-induced OAB model, and freely moving animals.

    Main Results:

    • A distinct PRF-dependent neuromodulatory effect was observed, with 100 Hz PRF demonstrating the most potent micturition inhibition.
    • Quantitative analysis showed significantly increased normalized micturition intervals at 100 Hz (1.72±0.81) compared to 10 Hz (0.98±0.16) and 1 kHz (0.95±0.35).
    • Consistent and robust inhibition was replicated across all tested models, confirming the effect's reliability.

    Conclusions:

    • Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is a critical and tunable parameter for effective LIFU-TNS.
    • 100 Hz PRF represents an optimal setting for LIFU-TNS to achieve significant micturition inhibition.
    • These findings establish a systematic, parameter-based framework for developing precise peripheral nerve interfaces for conditions like OAB.