From viral drift to tumor drift: why cancer immunotherapy needs B cells and dynamic adaptation

Current T-cell-based immunotherapies-chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells, checkpoint inhibitors, and neoantigen vaccines-share a fundamental vulnerability: they target fixed antigens while tumors continuously evolve. Like influenza viruses, cancer cells undergo antigenic drift, remodeling their surface antigen landscape and rendering static therapies eventually ineffective. Drawing on our recent proof-of-concept study and establishing the foundation in a mouse model of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, we propose a paradigm shift: treat cancer as a moving target. By periodically harvesting tumor cells, immunizing healthy donors, and returning the resulting antibody-rich serum, this approach generates polyclonal antibodies that dynamically match the tumor's evolving antigenic profile. We articulate three interconnected principles underlying this strategy: the threshold principle (immune control operates below a critical tumor burden), the drift principle (antigen change renders fixed targeting futile), and the B-cell advantage (healthy donors generate antibodies that tolerant hosts cannot). We outline key experiments to test these principles directly and discuss translational paths, including off-the-shelf antibody banks and combination with T-cell therapies. This article argues that borrowing adaptive strategies from infectious disease epidemiology could establish a new framework for cancer immunotherapy-one built on B-cell responses, dynamic matching, and continuous adaptation.