Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
Conversion of...

Polymers

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the properties that they exhibit. Additionally,...

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Pathway-resolved hierarchical self-assembly of biomimetic double-walled nanotubes.

Nanoscale·2026

Same author

Light and Dark Cycles Control the Structural Evolution of Photoresponsive Supramolecular Systems.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026

Same author

Glass Transition and Yielding of Ultrasoft Charged Spherical Micelles.

Macromolecules·2026

Same author

Internal reference for determining liquid crystal orientation at alignment layers in liquid crystal cells by confocal polarised Raman microscopy.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2026

Same author

Competition between Oxygen Atom Transfer from a Non-Heme N4-Coordinated Fe(IV) ═ O to Styrene and Water-Accelerated Comproportionation.

Inorganic chemistry·2026

Same author

<i>Candida rugosa</i> Lipase Bioconjugation to Cellulose Nanocrystals with High Immobilization Efficiency: Comparison with Nonspecific Approach.

Biomacromolecules·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

Published on: August 2, 2012

Redirecting Excited-State Proton Transfer Through Supramolecular Polymerization in Nanoconfinement.

Luis C Pantaleone¹, Robert Hutchings¹, Bente Reus¹

¹Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|June 8, 2026

Summary

This study activates intermolecular excited-state proton transfer (PT) in cyclodextrin nanotubes using a photoacid. Confinement within nanotubes facilitates PT, mimicking enzymatic activation for biological insights.

Keywords:

nano‐confinement photoacids proton transfer supramolecular polymerization

More Related Videos

Monitoring the Effects of Illumination on the Structure of Conjugated Polymer Gels Using Neutron Scattering

Monitoring the Effects of Illumination on the Structure of Conjugated Polymer Gels Using Neutron Scattering

Published on: December 21, 2017

OaAEP1-Mediated Enzymatic Synthesis and Immobilization of Polymerized Protein for Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy

OaAEP1-Mediated Enzymatic Synthesis and Immobilization of Polymerized Protein for Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy

Published on: February 5, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

Published on: August 2, 2012

Monitoring the Effects of Illumination on the Structure of Conjugated Polymer Gels Using Neutron Scattering

Monitoring the Effects of Illumination on the Structure of Conjugated Polymer Gels Using Neutron Scattering

Published on: December 21, 2017

OaAEP1-Mediated Enzymatic Synthesis and Immobilization of Polymerized Protein for Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy

OaAEP1-Mediated Enzymatic Synthesis and Immobilization of Polymerized Protein for Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy

Published on: February 5, 2020

Area of Science:

Supramolecular chemistry
Photochemistry
Biophysical chemistry

Background:

Photoluminescence in supramolecular assemblies offers insights into proton transfer (PT) in confined biological environments.
Photoacids are key to studying PT, but controlling intermolecular PT requires specific strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To activate intermolecular excited-state PT within hydrophobic cavities of cyclodextrin-based nanotubes.
To investigate the role of confinement and molecular assembly in facilitating PT processes.

Main Methods:

Utilizing a designed amphoteric emitter with photoinduced pKa inversion.
Employing γ-cyclodextrin to form guest pairs and pre-organize PT.
Analyzing photostability, emission lifetime, quantum yield, and solvent isotope effects.

Main Results:

Intermolecular excited-state PT was successfully activated within cyclodextrin nanotubes.
Confinement induced a shift from protolytic dissociation to intermolecular PT.
Spectroscopic studies confirmed a template effect, enhancing PT.

Conclusions:

Cyclodextrin nanotubes can effectively template and activate intermolecular excited-state PT.
This supramolecular strategy provides a model for enzyme-like PT facilitation.
The findings advance understanding of PT in confined biological systems.