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Related Concept Videos

Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis01:13

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
During hydrolysis, the ester is first activated towards nucleophilic attack through the protonation of the carboxyl oxygen atom by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the ester carbonyl carbon more electrophilic. In the next step, water acts as a nucleophile and adds to the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Facile Preparation of Ultrafine Aluminum Hydroxide Particles with or without Mesoporous MCM-41 in Ambient Environments
05:50

Facile Preparation of Ultrafine Aluminum Hydroxide Particles with or without Mesoporous MCM-41 in Ambient Environments

Published on: May 11, 2017

Entropy-Stabilized Aluminate Catalysts That Break the Activity-Stability Tradeoff in CF4 Hydrolysis.

Seunghyuck Chi1, Hyungmin Jeon1, Yaejun Baik1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|June 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A novel entropy-stabilized aluminate catalyst effectively abates tetrafluoromethane (CF4) greenhouse gas. This breakthrough offers high activity and durability for CF4 hydrolysis, addressing challenges in semiconductor manufacturing emissions.

Keywords:
CF4 hydrolysisLewis acidMars–van Krevelenentropy‐stabilized oxidestability

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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

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Facile Preparation of Ultrafine Aluminum Hydroxide Particles with or without Mesoporous MCM-41 in Ambient Environments
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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
08:40

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Published on: December 6, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Tetrafluoromethane (CF4) is a potent, long-lived greenhouse gas from semiconductor manufacturing.
  • Abating CF4 via hydrolysis is difficult due to harsh conditions and catalyst instability.
  • Conventional alumina catalysts show poor durability and activity-stability tradeoffs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a catalyst overcoming the activity-stability tradeoff for CF4 hydrolysis.
  • To enhance catalyst performance under steam-rich, fluorinating conditions.
  • To investigate the mechanism of CF4 abatement using novel materials.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of an entropy-stabilized aluminate catalyst with a multication framework.
  • Characterization of catalyst structure and surface properties.
  • Testing catalyst activity and stability for CF4 hydrolysis under simulated industrial conditions.
  • Mechanistic studies using isotopic labeling and surface analysis.

Main Results:

  • The entropy-stabilized aluminate catalyst demonstrated high activity and long-term durability.
  • Multication incorporation created an electron-deficient Al-O environment, enhancing C-F bond activation and resisting H2O poisoning.
  • Lattice stabilization via configurational entropy prevented bulk fluorination and inactive phase formation.
  • Mechanistic studies confirmed a Mars-van Krevelen-type hydrolysis pathway.

Conclusions:

  • Entropy-stabilized aluminates present a robust platform for efficient CF4 abatement.
  • This catalyst design overcomes limitations of conventional materials for greenhouse gas mitigation.
  • The findings pave the way for more sustainable semiconductor manufacturing processes.