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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
SN2 Reaction: Mechanism02:27

SN2 Reaction: Mechanism

The kinetic studies of SN2 reactions suggest an essential feature of its mechanism: it is a single-step process without intermediates. Here, both the nucleophile and the substrate participate in the rate-determining step.
The presence of the more electronegative halogen in the substrate creates a polarized carbon-halide bond. The halide pulls the electron cloud generating an electrophilic center at the carbon atom. Thus, the carbon atom carries a partial positive charge while the halide has a...
SN1 Reaction: Mechanism02:25

SN1 Reaction: Mechanism

Kinetic studies of ionization of a tertiary halide in a protic solvent suggest that only the substrate participates in the rate-determining step (slow step). The nucleophile is involved only after the slowest step. The SN1 reaction takes place in a multiple-step mechanism. 
Firstly, the haloalkane ionizes to generate a carbocation intermediate and a halide ion. This heterolytic cleavage is highly endothermic with large activation energy. The ionization of the substrate, facilitated by a polar...
Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

The Effect of Interfacial Chemical Bonding in TiO2-SiO2 Composites on Their Photocatalytic NOx Abatement Performance
11:47

The Effect of Interfacial Chemical Bonding in TiO2-SiO2 Composites on Their Photocatalytic NOx Abatement Performance

Published on: July 4, 2017

Single Particle Investigation Supports Interfacial Pathway for SO2-NO2 Heterogeneous Reaction.

Kaiqi Zhang1, Jumabubi Yishake1, Yue Zhao1

  • 1School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.

Environmental Science & Technology
|June 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The reaction between sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is crucial for atmospheric sulfate formation. This study reveals an interfacial mechanism, influenced by particle composition and pH, is key to understanding sulfate production in complex atmospheric particles.

Keywords:
NO2SO2heterogeneous reactionoptical tweezersulfate

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

The Effect of Interfacial Chemical Bonding in TiO2-SiO2 Composites on Their Photocatalytic NOx Abatement Performance
11:47

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Performing In Situ Closed-Cell Gas Reactions in the Transmission Electron Microscope
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In situ FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigation of Gas/Solid Interaction: Water-Enhanced CO2 Adsorption in UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework
11:38

In situ FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigation of Gas/Solid Interaction: Water-Enhanced CO2 Adsorption in UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework

Published on: February 1, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Sulfate formation from sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a critical atmospheric process.
  • The exact kinetics and mechanisms of SO2 and NO2 reactions in atmospheric particles remain debated.
  • Understanding these reactions is vital for accurate air quality and climate modeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the reaction mechanisms between SO2 and NO2 on single microdroplets.
  • To differentiate between aqueous and interfacial reaction pathways.
  • To determine the influence of particle composition, pH, and size on sulfate formation rates.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an aerosol optical tweezer technique to study single microdroplets.
  • Interpreted experimental data using both aqueous and interfacial reaction models.
  • Modified particle composition with chloride ions, sulfate ions, ionic surfactants, and polyethylene glycol (PEG).

Main Results:

  • The aqueous model explained data with composition-dependent rates, but failed to account for chloride acceleration.
  • The interfacial reaction model successfully explained data across studies, showing a rate constant decreasing exponentially with pH.
  • Ionic surfactants inhibited the reaction, while PEG decreased rates linearly with its mass fraction, supporting an interfacial pathway.

Conclusions:

  • The SO2-NO2 reaction on atmospheric particles likely proceeds via an interfacial mechanism.
  • Particle composition, particularly pH and the presence of ions and organics, significantly impacts sulfate production rates.
  • Accurate sulfate formation rate calculations require considering the full particle size distribution and complex compositions.