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Related Concept Videos

Refrigerators and Heat Pumps01:07

Refrigerators and Heat Pumps

Refrigerators or heat pumps are heat engines operating in a reverse direction. For a refrigerator, the focus is on removing heat from a specific area, whereas, for a heat pump, the focus is on dumping heat into one particular area. A refrigerator (or heat pump) absorbs heat Qc from the cold reservoir at Kelvin temperature Tc and discards heat Qh to the hot reservoir at Kelvin temperature Th, while work W is done on the engine’s working substance.
A household refrigerator removes heat from the...
Microbes and Climate Change01:27

Microbes and Climate Change

Microorganisms are pivotal agents in Earth's biogeochemical cycles, significantly influencing climate dynamics through their metabolic activities. These microbes modulate the levels of key greenhouse gases by both contributing to and helping mitigate climate change.Microbial Contributions to Greenhouse Gas EmissionsRising global temperatures accelerate microbial metabolism, which, in turn, speeds up the decomposition of organic matter. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) through...
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography01:18

Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) provides a beneficial substitute for gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) for certain samples because it merges the top attributes of both techniques. SFC allows the separation and analysis of compounds that GC or LC does not easily manage. These compounds are traditionally nonvolatile or thermally unstable, making GC unsuitable and lacking functional groups required for HPLC analysis.
SFC utilizes a supercritical fluid mobile phase,...
Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Sublimation01:03

Sublimation

Sublimation is the direct transformation of a solid to a gaseous state. For instance, at standard pressure and room temperature, solid carbon dioxide sublimes to gaseous carbon dioxide. The phase diagram depicts the conditions required for sublimation. This process occurs at the solid-gas phase boundary and is not observed above the triple point of the substance. The reverse of sublimation is called deposition, where a gaseous substance condenses directly into a solid. Sublimation and...
Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System (FFS) for the Quantification of Methane Emissions
08:18

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System (FFS) for the Quantification of Methane Emissions

Published on: June 12, 2016

Sustainable Refrigerants, Policy Drivers, and Emerging Technologies.

Emmanuel Ababio1,2,3, David R Corbin1,2,3, Mark B Shiflett1,2,3

  • 1Environmentally Applied Refrigerant Technology Hub (EARTH), US National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA;

Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
|June 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This review examines sustainable refrigerants for HVACR systems, crucial for global sustainability. It assesses alternatives and emerging technologies to guide a low-emission, energy-efficient future for the HVACR sector.

Keywords:
alternative refrigeration technologiesglobal warminghydrofluorocarbonshydrofluoroolefinsrefrigerantsvapor compression cycle

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Experimental System of Solar Adsorption Refrigeration with Concentrated Collector
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Experimental System of Solar Adsorption Refrigeration with Concentrated Collector

Published on: October 18, 2017

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System (FFS) for the Quantification of Methane Emissions
08:18

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System (FFS) for the Quantification of Methane Emissions

Published on: June 12, 2016

Experimental System of Solar Adsorption Refrigeration with Concentrated Collector
07:18

Experimental System of Solar Adsorption Refrigeration with Concentrated Collector

Published on: October 18, 2017

Area of Science:

  • HVACR systems and their environmental impact.
  • Sustainable refrigerant technologies and global regulations.

Background:

  • HVACR systems are vital but significant energy consumers.
  • Refrigerant emissions and energy use challenge global sustainability goals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review international agreements and regulations driving sustainable refrigerants.
  • To critically assess current and emerging sustainable refrigerant alternatives.
  • To provide a roadmap for a sustainable HVACR sector.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of refrigerant evolution and international agreements.
  • Critical assessment of natural and low-GWP synthetic refrigerants.
  • Examination of emerging cooling technologies and management strategies.

Main Results:

  • International agreements and regulations are key drivers for sustainable refrigerants.
  • Current alternatives like natural refrigerants and HFOs have trade-offs in application, cost, safety, and infrastructure.
  • Emerging solutions offer potential for future advancements.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive roadmap integrating regulatory, market, and technological insights is needed.
  • Future research and development should focus on sustainable, low-emission, and energy-efficient HVACR solutions.
  • Transitioning to sustainable refrigerants is critical for environmental goals.