‌A century-scale dataset of crop yield and agronomic trait evolution under field management in China

We present a century-scale dataset on crop yield and agronomic trait evolution under field management in China. This resource compiles 22,017 records from 802 sites and 504 studies conducted across China over the past century, with a primary focus on long-term experiments. The dataset covers five major crops: rice, wheat, maize, soybean, and rapeseed. It includes 56 variables, such as crop yields, agronomic traits, field management practices (including fertilizer application, tillage, and crop rotation), and variety characteristics. Maximum potential yield for each variety under ideal conditions is also provided. Each record is georeferenced and time-specific, supporting analyses of yield trends and impacts of management or breeding strategies. This dataset enables detailed investigation of the temporal evolution of soil fertility and yield gaps. It serves as a robust foundation for crop yield modeling, sustainability assessment, and food security research. The data effectively complements existing statistical and remote sensing resources.