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Paper-based laser-written CoO-graphene biosensor for wireless sweat uric acid detection.

Vinod K Ganesan¹, Soon Poh Lee¹, Jen Hahn Low^1,2

¹Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000, Kajang, Malaysia.

Scientific Reports

|June 8, 2026

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A novel, sustainable sensor made from laser-written cobalt-treated paper enables non-invasive, wireless uric acid monitoring in sweat. This low-cost, flexible biosensor offers a promising alternative for continuous health tracking and early disease detection.

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Uric acid is a key biomarker for gout, kidney dysfunction, and cardiovascular disease.
Continuous monitoring of uric acid is crucial for timely intervention and improved patient outcomes.
Current monitoring methods are invasive, lab-dependent, and unsuitable for continuous or point-of-care use.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a sustainable, non-enzymatic sensor for real-time uric acid detection.
To create a flexible, wireless platform for wearable uric acid monitoring.
To establish a low-cost, scalable fabrication method for metal oxide-carbon hybrid biosensors.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a cobalt oxide-infused graphene sensor on a paper substrate via direct laser writing.

Keywords:

Flexible paper-based electrodes Laser-induced graphene (LIG)NFC-enabled sensing Non-enzymatic Sweat-based wearable sensor

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

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Published on: November 24, 2016

Iridium Oxide-reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid Thin Film Modified Screen-printed Electrodes as Disposable Electrochemical Paper Microfluidic pH Sensors

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Published on: November 22, 2016

Utilizing multivalent Co2+/Co3+ redox couples for non-enzymatic uric acid oxidation.

Integration of the sensor into a flexible near-field communication (NFC) tag for wireless, battery-free operation.

Main Results:

The sensor demonstrated high sensitivity (9.96 µA·µM⁻¹) and a low detection limit (1.08 µM) for uric acid.
The sensor exhibited excellent mechanical robustness, with minimal frequency change under bending.
The developed platform enabled wireless, battery-free monitoring of uric acid in human sweat.

Conclusions:

A sustainable, one-step method for fabricating metal oxide-carbon hybrid biosensors using laser-written cobalt-treated paper was established.
The developed wearable sensor offers a promising, non-invasive approach for continuous uric acid monitoring.
This technology paves the way for next-generation point-of-care diagnostics and personalized health management.