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Related Concept Videos

Bone Markings01:26

Bone Markings

Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
Articulating Projections
Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in acid or...
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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A Gnawing Question: How Do Caribou and Other Arctic Mammals Exploit Shared Bone Resources?

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Drug Treatment and In Vivo Imaging of Osteoblast-Osteoclast Interactions in a Medaka Fish Osteoporosis Model
08:53

Drug Treatment and In Vivo Imaging of Osteoblast-Osteoclast Interactions in a Medaka Fish Osteoporosis Model

Published on: January 1, 2017

Atlas of Arctic bone modification.

Madison Gaetano1, Eric J Wald2, Patrick Druckenmiller3

  • 1Department of Geosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

Ecology
|June 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Wildlife bone gnawing provides crucial dietary resources, leaving identifiable marks. This study details bone modifications by multiple Arctic species, revealing new patterns and competition dynamics.

Keywords:
Arctic National Wildlife Refugebone consumptionbone modificationosteophagyresource partitioningruminanttaphonomyungulate

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Paleontology
  • Zooarchaeology

Background:

  • Bone and antler consumption by scavengers is a vital nutrient cycling process.
  • Gnaw marks offer physical evidence of animal behavior and resource use, often difficult to observe directly.
  • Previous studies on bone modification typically focus on single species, limiting ecosystem-scale understanding of resource partitioning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compile and characterize bone modifications from multiple taxonomic groups (rodents, ruminants, carnivorans) in the Arctic.
  • To identify and describe new classes of bone modifications.
  • To create a photographic atlas of bone modifications for broader scientific application.

Main Methods:

  • Literature compilation on bone modifications by rodents, ungulates, and carnivorans.
  • Standardized collection and analysis of 1567 shed antlers and 224 skeletal bones from Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
  • Description, summarization, and photography of 27 distinct classes of bone modifications, identifying likely responsible taxonomic groups.

Main Results:

  • Characterized 27 distinct classes of bone modifications, including seven previously undescribed classes attributed to ruminants (likely caribou).
  • Evaluated the occurrence of these modification classes on collected antlers and bones.
  • Developed a photographic atlas of Arctic bone modification classes, including those from incidental interactions.

Conclusions:

  • This research provides a comprehensive dataset and visual guide for interpreting bone gnawing patterns across multiple Arctic species.
  • The findings enhance understanding of interspecific competition and resource partitioning for nutrient acquisition.
  • Incorporating bone modification analysis offers a more holistic view of mammalian dietary ecology and nutrient cycling.