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Related Concept Videos

Flail Chest-I01:24

Flail Chest-I

Overview of Flail Chest
Flail chest is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the fracture of three or more adjacent ribs in multiple places. It is most commonly caused by direct impacts and trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or injuries from a steering wheel impact. It can also occur due to falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, or assaults involving sharp objects.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of flail chest is complex, involving fractures of...
Flail Chest-II01:26

Flail Chest-II

Managing flail chest, a condition characterized by a segment of the chest wall moving independently from the rest of the thoracic cage, requires a comprehensive approach. It includes a thorough assessment of the patient's condition, a diagnostic evaluation to determine the extent of the injury, and the implementation of appropriate medical interventions tailored to the individual's needs.
Assessment:
1. Clinical Evaluation:
History:
Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias01:29

Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are irregular heart rhythms that result from abnormal electrical activity in the heart, affecting its ability to circulate blood efficiently. Tachyarrhythmias, a subset of dysrhythmias, are characterized by abnormally fast heart rates exceeding 100 beats per minute. Here are some types of tachyarrhythmias with their distinct ECG features:Sinus Tachycardia:Sinus tachycardia presents a regular heart rhythm with an increased rate of 101-180 beats per minute.
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters01:19

Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters

Enzymes like flippase, floppase, and scramblase transfer phospholipids from one layer to another in the membrane, thereby affecting membrane asymmetry.
Flippase
Eukaryotic flippases are type-IV P-type ATPases or P4-ATPases belonging to P-type ATPase family proteins that are membrane-bound pumps involved in the ATP-mediated transport of ions and molecules across the membrane. Flippases flip specific phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet of a membrane. All P4-ATPases have one...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Assessing Forelimb Function after Unilateral Cervical SCI using Novel Tasks: Limb Step-alternation, Postural Instability and Pasta Handling
08:11

Assessing Forelimb Function after Unilateral Cervical SCI using Novel Tasks: Limb Step-alternation, Postural Instability and Pasta Handling

Published on: September 16, 2013

The Flail Limb Syndrome.

Mark B Bromberg1

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.

Muscle & Nerve
|June 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Flail limb syndromes (FAS/FLS) are rare lower motor neuron disorders distinct from ALS. They present with focal weakness, slower progression, and variable upper motor neuron signs, offering a better prognosis with early diagnosis.

Keywords:
ALS variantsflail arm syndromeflail leg syndromeflail limb syndromemotor neuron disease variants

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Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
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Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Published on: March 4, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Assessing Forelimb Function after Unilateral Cervical SCI using Novel Tasks: Limb Step-alternation, Postural Instability and Pasta Handling
08:11

Assessing Forelimb Function after Unilateral Cervical SCI using Novel Tasks: Limb Step-alternation, Postural Instability and Pasta Handling

Published on: September 16, 2013

Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
08:16

Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Published on: March 4, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Motor Neuron Disorders

Background:

  • Flail limb syndromes (FAS/FLS) are rare lower motor neuron disorders, historically distinct from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
  • Limited literature exists on their electrophysiologic, cognitive, and genetic profiles.
  • These syndromes constitute approximately 7%-8% of ALS cases, with a higher male-to-female ratio.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compile and present key electrophysiologic, cognitive, and genetic features of flail limb syndromes.
  • To differentiate flail limb syndromes from classic ALS based on clinical and diagnostic findings.
  • To establish diagnostic criteria for predicting a better prognosis in flail limb syndromes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and compilation of case series data.
  • Analysis of electrophysiologic studies (central and peripheral).
  • Review of cognitive assessments and genetic mutation data.

Main Results:

  • FAS/FLS present with predominant focal weakness for ~2 years before regional progression and eventual respiratory failure, at a slower rate than classic ALS.
  • Upper motor neuron signs are variable; however, neuroimaging and stimulation studies suggest upper motor neuron loss.
  • Split hand pattern and dementia are rare; genetic testing reveals ALS-related mutations at lower frequencies without a predominant gene.

Conclusions:

  • Flail limb syndromes are characterized by focal weakness, slower progression, and distinct clinical/diagnostic features compared to classic ALS.
  • Diagnosis requires approximately 2 years of regional stability to predict a better prognosis.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the spectrum of these rare motor neuron disorders.