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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists of a...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.

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A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of Functional Norbornenes
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A Modular Post-Polymerization Modification Route to Aminated Polybutadienes for Electrochemical CO2 Valorization.

Maartje Otten1, Weizhe Zhang1, Luke D J Adams1

  • 1Organic Chemistry & Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 DZ Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|June 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a new method to precisely add amine groups to polymers using post-polymerization modification. This functionalization enhances polymer performance in catalyzing carbon dioxide reduction reactions (CO2RR).

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Post-polymerization modification offers a route to functional polymers with tunable properties.
  • Functional polymers are crucial for tailoring catalytic microenvironments, especially for electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2RR).
  • Precise control over functional group incorporation in polymers remains a challenge for optimizing material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a modular post-polymerization strategy for functionalizing polybutadiene with primary amines.
  • To achieve tunable and selective incorporation of functional groups onto the polymer backbone.
  • To investigate the impact of amine functionalization on the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR).

Main Methods:

  • Functionalization of polybutadiene via nitration using tert-butyl nitrite, followed by reduction to primary amines.
  • Utilizing 15N-labeling to analyze regioselectivity of functionalization.
  • Applying amine-functionalized polybutadiene layers on copper electrodes for CO2 electroreduction studies.

Main Results:

  • Achieved tunable nitro incorporation (0.8–18.6%) onto the polybutadiene backbone with high regioselectivity for internal unsaturated bonds.
  • Demonstrated successful reduction to primary amines without compromising polymer integrity.
  • Observed a scaling relationship between amine functionalization degree and C2 product partial currents in CO2RR.

Conclusions:

  • Developed a robust and versatile post-polymerization strategy for precise polymer functionalization.
  • The method allows for systematic tuning of polymer properties for energy materials applications.
  • Amine functionalization of polybutadiene significantly influences CO2RR selectivity and efficiency.