Intelligent Multimodal Sensors Based on Two-Dimensional Materials: Fabrication, Decoupling, and Applications

Two-dimensional (2D) materials, with their multi-stimulus responsiveness and excellent electrical/mechanical properties, have accelerated sensor technology advancement and promoted intelligent progress in the Internet of Things (IoT), robotics, and human-computer interaction (HCI). However, conventional single-modal sensors fall short in meeting the demand for synchronous detection of multiple stimuli in complex environments. This review systematically summarizes the recent progress of 2D materials in the field of multimodal sensing, systematically outlining their fabrication processes, multimodal sensing mechanisms and decoupling strategies, as well as emerging intelligent applications, and establishing a full-chain relationship encompassing fabrication, sensing mechanisms and performance, decoupling, and applications. First, we outline the key fabrication strategies for multimodal sensors and clarify their corresponding technical characteristics. Next, we analyze the sensing mechanisms and performance metrics for major target stimuli, emphasizing multi-level decoupling strategies spanning material engineering, device architecture design, and artificial intelligence algorithms. Subsequently, we introduce the typical intelligent applications of these sensors in robotics and next-generation human-computer interfaces. Finally, we outline future research directions, which mainly include four aspects: improving process scalability, expanding perception information dimensions, devising hardware-software collaborative decoupling methods and enhancing system edge intelligence.