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Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

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Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Hybridoma Technology01:31

Hybridoma Technology

Hybridoma technology is used for the large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies bind to only a single antigenic determinant or epitope. Such antibodies are used in research, diagnostics, and disease therapy. The hybridoma technology established in 1975 by Georges Köhler and Cesar Milstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1984 for revolutionizing research and therapy.
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Transcytosis of IgG01:15

Transcytosis of IgG

Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
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Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

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The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...

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External Evaluation of Population Pharmacokinetic Models for Factor VIII in Chinese Patients with Hemophilia A.

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Corynoline and Extracellular Vesicles Co-Loaded Scaffold Accelerates Vascularized Bone Regeneration with Photothermal Stimulation.

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Updated: Jun 10, 2026

An Enrichment Method for Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Liver Cancer Tissue
10:33

An Enrichment Method for Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Liver Cancer Tissue

Published on: February 3, 2023

Royal Jelly-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Key Bioactive Components Mediating Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Xuepeng Chi1,2,3, Lingyu Jia1,2,3, Ying Wang1,2,3

  • 1Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, People's Republic of China.

International Journal of Nanomedicine
|June 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Royal jelly extracellular vesicles (RJEVs) show anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) effects by targeting the liver, modulating the gut microbiome, and activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. These findings highlight RJEVs as key bioactive components in royal jelly for cancer therapy.

Keywords:
PI3K/AKT signaling pathwayantioxidantapoptosisgut microbiotaimmunomodulation

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In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells
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In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells
08:02

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells

Published on: September 23, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Royal jelly possesses anti-cancer properties, but its active components remain under investigation.
  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as crucial mediators of intercellular communication and therapeutic agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify royal jelly-derived extracellular vesicles (RJEVs) as active anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) agents.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which RJEVs exert anti-HCC effects.

Main Methods:

  • RJEVs were isolated and characterized in an H22 tumor-bearing mouse model.
  • Evaluated liver-targeting, immune/antioxidant responses, gut microbiota, and short-chain fatty acid metabolism.
  • Investigated effects on translation-related signaling and the PI3K/AKT pathway.

Main Results:

  • RJEVs demonstrated liver accumulation and moderate antitumor efficacy.
  • RJEVs enhanced immune/antioxidant responses and modulated gut microbiota (increased Muribaculaceae).
  • RJEVs promoted HCC cell apoptosis via PI3K/AKT signaling and immune microenvironment remodeling.

Conclusions:

  • RJEVs are key bioactive components of royal jelly with anti-HCC effects.
  • RJEVs modulate the immune microenvironment, gut microbiota, and PI3K/AKT signaling for cancer therapy.
  • This study advances understanding of bee product bioactives and their therapeutic potential.